17 β-Estradiol mineralization in human waste products and soil in the presence and the absence of antimicrobials

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dc.contributor.authorAmarakoon, Inoka
dc.contributor.authorFarenhorst, Annemieke
dc.contributor.authorRose, Karin
dc.contributor.authorAscef, B.
dc.date.accessioned2016-10-04T20:43:57Z
dc.date.available2016-10-04T20:43:57Z
dc.date.issued2016-06
dc.description.abstractNatural steroidal estrogens such as 17 β-estradiol (E2), as well as antimicrobials such as doxycycline and norfloxacin, are excreted by humans and hence detected in sewage sludge and biosolid. The disposal of human waste products on agricultural land results in estrogens and antibiotics being detected as mixtures in soils. The objective of this study was to examine microbial respiration and E2 mineralization in sewage sludge, biosolid and soil in the presence and absence of doxycycline and norfloxacin. The antimicrobials were applied to the media either alone or in combination at total rates of 4 and 40 mg kg-1, with the 4 mg kg-1 rate being an environmentally relevant concentration. The calculated time that half of the applied E2 was mineralized ranged from 294 to 418 d in sewage sludge, from 721 to 869 d in soil and from 2,258 to 14,146 d in biosolid. E2 mineralization followed first-order and the presence of antimicrobials had no significant effect on mineralization half-lives, except for some antimicrobial applications to the human waste products. At 189 d, total E2 mineralization was significantly greater in sewage sludge (38 ±0.7%) > soil (23 ±0.7%) > biosolid (3 ±0.7%), while total respiration was significantly greater in biosolid (1,258 mg CO2) > sewage sludge (253 mg CO2) ≥ soil (131 mg CO2). Strong sorption of E2 to the organic fraction in biosolid may have resulted in reduced E2 mineralization despite the high microbial activity in this media. Total E2 mineralization at 189 d was not significantly influenced by the presence of doxycycline and/or norfloxacin in the media. Antimicrobial additions also did not significantly influence total respiration in media, except that total CO2 respiration at 189 d was significantly greater for biosolid with 40 mg kg-1 doxycycline added, relative to biosolid without antimicrobials. We conclude that it is unlikely for doxycycline and norfloxacin, or their mixtures, to have a significant effect on E2 mineralization in human waste products and soil. However, the potential for E2 to be persistent in biosolids, with and without the presence of antimicrobials, is posing a challenge for biosolid disposal to agricultural lands.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThis research, including the stipends to graduate students Amarakoon and Rose, was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Undergraduate exchange student Ascef was funded by Sciences without Borders, a Brazilian government program. Undergraduate exchange student Claeys was funded by Perpignan University, Franceen_US
dc.identifier.citationAmarakoon, I., Farenhorst, A., Rose, K., Claeys, A., Ascef, B. (2016). 17 β-Estradiol mineralization in human waste products and soil in the presence and the absence of antimicrobials. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B. 51(10): 655-660.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1993/31876
dc.publisherTaylor Francisen_US
dc.rightsopen accessen_US
dc.subject17 β-estradiolen_US
dc.subjectantimicrobialen_US
dc.subjectdoxycyclineen_US
dc.subjectnorfloxacinen_US
dc.subjectsewage sludgeen_US
dc.subjectbiosoliden_US
dc.subjectsoilen_US
dc.subjectrespirationen_US
dc.title17 β-Estradiol mineralization in human waste products and soil in the presence and the absence of antimicrobialsen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
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