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MSpace is the University of Manitoba’s Institutional Repository. The purpose of MSpace is to acquire, preserve and provide access to the scholarly works of University faculty and students within an open access environment.

 

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Open Access
Adult attitudes towards Dene Yati/Zhatié: a community questionnaire
(2025-03-27) Coates, Alice; Rosen, Nicole (Linguistics); Janzen, Terry (Linguistics); Loureiro-Rodriguez, Veronica
A comparison of language attitudes in adults from two Dene-speaking communities in Canada’s Northwest Territories describes attitudes which are broadly homogenous, with some variation dependent on demographics and beliefs regarding the language and language vitality. The results of the study show overall low attitudes among respondents in both communities, affected by the rating of the use of the language in workplaces and despite strongly positive attitudes in the affective dimension. Positive attitudes in an individual are associated with strength of Dene identity and proficiency in the language, with these conditions promoting one another. Concerns about language vitality are reflected in both communities’ focus on the importance of generational language transfer occurring in the home. The fact that the majority of survey respondents rate themselves as emergent speakers of the language may be indicative of low rates of language use, in turn contributing to concerns about vitality. However, the broad base of support for the language and language learning in the communities shows awareness of the situation and a keen understanding of the value of the language to cultural revitalization and its potential contribution to wellness amongst young learners.
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Open Access
Facilitating antimicrobial stewardship in the outpatient hemodialysis setting
(2025-03-26) Lawrence, Courtney K; Lakowski, Ted (Pharmacy); Zhanel, George (Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases); Battistella, Marisa (University of Toronto); Zelenitsky, Sheryl
Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) encourages appropriate antimicrobial use to improve outcomes. Initiatives include preventing infection and optimizing antimicrobial use (i.e., right drug, dose, and duration). Infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality among patients receiving hemodialysis. Although this population would benefit from AMS, initiatives are limited. In response, three studies were conducted. The first was a study of hemodialysis bloodstream isolates (n = 1024). Pathogen distributions and antimicrobial susceptibilities were used to evaluate empiric antimicrobial combinations. Most isolates (>70%) were gram-positive. Using cefazolin over vancomycin reduced gram-positive coverage by >30%. Gram-negative coverage varied by <1%, with no advantage for broader agents, e.g., meropenem. These findings assist in optimizing empiric antimicrobial selection for bloodstream infections (BSIs) in the hemodialysis setting. The second was a study of hemodialysis catheter-related exit-site infections (ESIs, n = 113) and BSIs (n = 64). The impact of new infection prevention measures on infection rates and risk factors for infection were evaluated. ESIs dropped by 60% with new measures, then increased slightly over time. BSIs declined by 85% over time, which was associated with new measures and reduced temporary catheter use. ESIs preceded one-third of BSIs. These findings highlight the necessity for ongoing surveillance, reinforcement of prevention measures, and strategies to address ESIs to reduce BSI risk. The third was a pharmacokinetic study of cefazolin (n = 20) and ceftazidime (n = 18) in patients receiving hemodialysis. The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicodynamics were characterized and used to evaluate current dosing practices. For both drugs, the protein binding and volume of distributions were similar to other populations, while the elimination half-lives were >15-fold longer compared to patients with normal kidney function. In the cefazolin cohort, there was greater interindividual variation in half-life attributed to residual kidney function. The analysis identified limitations in using a one-dose-fits-all approach. It highlighted the importance of considering residual kidney function, body weight, the interdialytic period, and pathogen susceptibility to optimize dosing. These findings can be used to develop adaptive dosing approaches that improve the treatment of infections in this high-risk population. Given the lack of data, this work represents significant progress in facilitating AMS in the hemodialysis setting.
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Open Access
Rural women, cooperatives, and legislative action in addressing the gender pay gap in Rwanda
(2025-03-25) Uwase, Irene; Hudson, Ian (Economics); Hajer, Jesse
The gender pay gap remains a persistent challenge globally, particularly affecting women in developing countries like Rwanda, especially in the agricultural sector. This paper examines the potential of cooperative business models as a viable tool for reducing economic inequality and empowering women. It focuses on the existing state of gender disparities in Rwanda, considering factors such as cultural norms, occupational segregation, and limited access to resources. The analysis highlights cooperatives' transformative role in providing women with economic opportunities, leadership skills, and social support. Drawing on successful examples of women-led cooperatives in Rwanda and internationally, the study identifies critical success factors, including access to training, financial resources, and supportive community structures. Additionally, it evaluates Rwanda's current legislative framework governing cooperatives, compares it to successful international models, and identifies barriers to effective implementation, such as socio-economic and gender-specific challenges. The paper concludes with actionable recommendations to enhance the legislative environment, provide financial and technical support, and address socio-cultural barriers to women’s participation in cooperatives. Advocating for targeted policies and robust monitoring mechanisms emphasizes the importance of integrating cooperatives into Rwanda’s broader strategy for achieving gender equity and sustainable development. This study contributes to the growing discourse on economic empowerment and gender equality by offering valuable insights and strategies
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Open Access
Maternal resveratrol supplementation and its effects on cardiac hypertrophy, mitochondrial metabolism, and calcium flux in isolated fetal cardiomyocytes
(2025-03-21) Ninalaya, Marcelo; Saleem, Ayesha (Kinesiology and Recreation Management); Jackson, Michael (Pharmacology and Therapeutics); Dolinsky, Vernon
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a condition that manifests in pregnancy that is characterized by insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and hyperglycemia. Medications have shown effectiveness but have associated risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Our previous studies in rats found cardiomyocytes of GDM-offspring exhibit hypertrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired calcium flux. We hypothesize that administration of resveratrol (RESV) to maternal GDM diet will mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction, cardiac hypertrophy and improve calcium flux in GDM-offspring. A diet-induced model was implemented on female Sprague-Dawley rats six weeks before mating to induce GDM. A subgroup of GDM dams were switched to a diet containing RESV. Fetal echocardiography was performed to assess cardiac structure. Measurements of mitochondrial respiration and calcium flux were performed using the Agilent-Seahorse XF 24 and Cytation 5. Maternal RESV supplementation improved mitochondrial respiration and improved calcium flux upon angiotensin II stimulation. Importantly, maternal RESV supplementation attenuated GDM-induced cardiac hypertrophy in GDM-offspring.
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Open Access
Scanning photoelectrochemical microscopy and its application to living cells
(2025-03-27) Thomas, Nikita Maria; Chen, Aicheng (University of Guelph); Gertsein, Aleeza ( Microbiology and Statistics); Tommy, Gregg (Chemistry); Sean, McKenna (Chemistry); Kuss, Sabine
Living cell electrochemistry enables the non-invasive qualitative and quantitative measurement of metabolite and biomarker flux from individual or groups of cells. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is an electroanalytical technique that allows for real-time detection of species flux from living cells. This thesis emphasizes the importance of maintaining optimal physiological conditions during SECM and explores the advancement of SECM to scanning photoelectrochemical microscopy (SPECM) for studying living cells. The first part of this thesis investigates the effects of experimental parameters such as temperature, media composition, and light on cellular electrochemical signals. It is shown that maintaining ideal physiological conditions is crucial for reliable SECM and SPECM data. Studies on Adenocarcinoma cervical cancer (HeLa) cells across different temperature ranges reveal inconsistent cellular electrochemical reactivity with small deviations from physiological temperature. However, HeLa cells demonstrate enhanced and stable electrochemical signals when cultured in serum-free media under constant light exposure. To advance SECM to SPECM, the integration of optical fiber (OF) probes is explored to enhance both electrochemical and spectroscopic capabilities. A new, easy-to-fabricate micro-optical ring electrode (MORE) is introduced, with its functionality assessed through electrochemical analysis, numerical modeling, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and spectroelectrochemistry. The MORE, integrated into SPECM, is used for localized irradiation and as an electrochemical sensor for quantitative analysis of single algal cells. This proof-of-concept demonstrates the potential of applying SPECM to mammalian cells. SPECM is further applied to skin cells for the detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and melanin production, which are elevated in response to external stimuli. Overall, a comprehensive exploration of the application of SPECM to mammalian cell studies is investigated with suggestions for future research, highlighting its potential in diverse applications.
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Open Access
Discovering and dreaming: long-term care healthcare aide perceptions of structural empowerment
(2025-03-17) Elias, Jocelyn; Care, Dean W. (Nursing); Doupe, Malcolm (Community Health Sciences); Scanlan, Judith
Background and objective: Chronic and emergent care challenges have led to diminished quality of care in many long-term care (LTC) facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Healthcare aides (HCAs) occupy a strategically important role in achieving improved resident care outcomes yet continue to experience disempowerment through authoritarian working conditions. The aim of this study was to develop a robust description of HCA perceptions of how organizational structures empower them and the desired dream state for such structures. Approach: This study used a qualitative descriptive research design informed by Kanter’s theory of structural empowerment within an appreciative inquiry (AI) framework. AI was chosen for its optimistic egalitarian approach towards organization change; it provided a platform for HCA voices to be heard, protected, and valued. Sampling used volunteer participants and involved convenience and snowball sampling. Ten HCA participants were recruited from four Winnipeg LTC sites. Semi-structured virtual interviews were used to gather rich descriptive data, allowing for an understanding of participant perspectives. Findings: Two main themes emerged from the data: i) What is Important to Healthcare Aides; and ii) Challenges. These participants care about their residents, their job satisfaction and team functioning but experience numerous challenges in their work. They lack access to opportunities for education, resources (i.e., staffing and time), and support from managers and organizations; they also endure difficult, stressful, and dangerous working conditions and retention is inadequately prioritized by the LTC sector. Modifiable organizational structures have the potential to improve resident care by empowering healthcare aides and may to be mediated by the functionality of teams and the use of regular healthcare aides. Conclusion: Empowering healthcare aides is a means to improve the well-being and satisfaction of these essential workers and represents a strategy for ensuring these workers have what they need to provide quality care to residents.
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Open Access
Determining the role of ZEB1 and ZEB2 in controlling fibroblast activation
(2025-03-26) Pallikkara Suresh, Rohini; Netticadan, Thomas (Physiology and Pathophysiology); Dhingra, Sanjiv (Physiology and Pathophysiology); Rastegar, Mojgan (Biochemistry and Medical Genetics); Wigle, Jeffrey
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of death in Canada. The activated fibroblast, also known as myofibroblast, is a key player in extracellular matrix production, remodeling, and fibrosis in the heart following a MI. Previous studies in our lab have shown that the transcription factor ZEB2 is expressed in activated cardiac fibroblasts and that the overexpression of ZEB2 upregulates the expression of the myofibroblast markers -SMA, SMemb and ED-A fibronectin. The Zinc finger transcription factor family proteins ZEB1 and ZEB2 have crucial roles in embryonic development, angiogenesis, Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition (EMT), and Endothelial-Mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). This study was focused on determining the role of both ZEB1 and ZEB2 in cardiac fibroblast activation. We compared the protein levels of ZEB1 and ZEB2 in primary adult male and female rat cardiac fibroblast cells during the process of fibroblast activation in vitro. As well, we analyzed the effect of over-expression and knockdown of ZEB1 and ZEB2 in the mouse NIH3T3 embryonic fibroblast cell line. Our results show that both ZEB1 and ZEB2 are expressed in the activated fibroblasts with their expression being highest at 48 hours and then decreasing. We observed that ectopic expression of ZEB2 in both NIH3T3 cells and rat primary cardiac fibroblasts resulted in a corresponding decrease in endogenous ZEB1 expression. Furthermore, siRNA mediated knockdown of ZEB2 resulted in increased ZEB1 expression in cardiac fibroblasts and NIH3T3 cells. Similarly, ZEB1 knockdown resulted in increased ZEB2 expression. This shows that ZEB1 and ZEB2 may form a negative feedback loop to maintain an optimal level of their expression in cardiac fibroblasts. ZEB1 and ZEB2 may directly compensate for the loss of the other transcription factor in fibroblasts. Interestingly, despite these regulatory interactions, the expression of the myofibroblast markers, -smooth muscle actin (SMA) and Embryonic smooth muscle heavy chain (SMemb), remain ZEB1 and ZEB2. This study enhances our understanding of the complex interplay between ZEB1 and ZEB2 in cardiac fibroblast activation and provides new insight into the regulatory mechanism underlying this process. These findings could have significant implications to develop new therapeutic strategies for myocardial infarction and heart failure by targeting ZEB1 and ZEB2 to control fibroblast activation and fibrosis.
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Open Access
Rigidity properties of operator systems and partial order relations in the state space of C*-algebras
(2025-02-24) Saikia, Hridoyananda; Martin, Robert (Mathematics); Zorboska, Nina (Mathematics); Kennedy, Matthew (University of Waterloo); Clouâtre, Raphaël
Arveson’s hyperrigidity conjecture concerns the unique extension property of *-representations of a C*-algebra with respect to a generating operator system. The maximal states in the dilation order fully encapsulate the cyclic representations of a C*-algebra with the unique extension property. A reformulation of the conjecture by Davidson and Kennedy raises the question whether the maximal measures in the dilation order are concentrated on a particular set. In this thesis, we address this question for general C*-algebras. We show the existence of a projection such that the dilation maximal states are precisely those states which are concentrated on the projection. We also reformulate the conjecture in terms of the non-commutative topological properties of this projection. Choquet order is a partial order defined on the set of regular Borel probability measures on a compact convex set. With the help of two equivalent characterizations of Choquet order, we define strong dilation relation and sub-division relation on the state space of a C*-algebra. The equivalence of the two relations is not known in general. We show that the strong dilation relation is stronger than the sub-division relation. Moreover, we show the equivalence of the strong dilation relation with a non-commutative sub-division relation. We also demonstrate that these relations can serve as valuable tools for investigating certain rigidity properties of a generating operator system of a C*-algebra.
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Open Access
Logos, sin, and moral transformation in Origen’s De Principiis 3.1
(2025-03-27) Falk, Jerome; Joyal, Mark (Classics); Barter, Jane (University of Winnipeg); Marx, Heidi
Origen of Alexandria’s treatise on “self-determination” (De Principiis 3.1) has proven highly influential for subsequent theological and philosophical discussions of free will. There is still considerable debate about the finer points of Origen’s understanding of “self-determination” (to autexousion) and where his notion of it fits within the broader Ideengeschichte of free will. In this thesis I examine the free will treatise, but focus instead on the role of the Logos in his understanding of human freedom and moral transformation. In chapter one, I trace the historical development of the Logos concept from Heraclitus and the Stoics through Middle Platonism and the Biblical Platonists, particularly Philo and Clement of Alexandria, to provide a contextualization of Origen's doctrine. Then, on the basis of this contextualization, I argue (in chapters two and three) that Origen's Logos is not a neutral rational faculty but possesses a paraenetic quality, actively prompting moral agents toward virtuous action. By analyzing Origen's psychology of self-determination, especially his use of aphormē (“prompting”), I demonstrate how the Logos influences the moral choices of rational beings. In chapter four I articulate and motivate what I call the "problem of noetic sanctification" in Origen's theology, and in the fifth and final chapter I propose a solution to the problem on Origen’s behalf in which the Logos within each rational being provides a persistent, pre-cognitive motivation towards goodness, thereby facilitating noetic sanctification through interaction with Christ as the cosmic Logos and "light."
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Embargo
Passive wireless sensors based on contactless air-filled substrate integrated waveguide technology
(2025-02-20) Amirkabiri, Amirmasoud; Swatek, David (Electrical and Computer Engineering); Khoshdarregi, Matt (Mechanical Engineering); Amaya, Rony (Electronics, Carlton University); Kordi, Behzad; Bridges, Greg
This thesis aims to develop a chipless passive sensor capable of accurately measuring the time-varying electric field up to 14 kVpp/m with a dynamic range of 3 Hz to 1 kHz near high-voltage apparatus. It also has a sensitivity of 1.86 (kHz)/(V/m), and can be interrogated from a distance of 80 cm. The feasible maximum bandwidth of the external electric field is up to 50 kHz overall. As a passive device, the sensor requires no power source or batteries. The design features a multi-layered stacked printed circuit board (PCB) structure with a chipless cavity resonator in the industrial, scientific, and medical band of 2.4-2.5 GHz, that is based on contactless air-filled substrate integrated waveguide (CLAF-SIW) technology and includes an air cavity surrounded by a low-impedance electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure. This design simplifies the fabrication of AF-SIW structures and offers a measured high unloaded Q-factor of up to 1340 while reducing dielectric loss. An aperture-coupled microstrip patch antenna is integrated with the CLAF-SIW resonator creating a compact, robust structure that does not require an external commercial antenna. Calibration techniques and far-field measurement results are presented using a wireless experimental setup to assess the performance of the compact sensor. The sensor resonant frequency is measured using a ringback-based wireless interrogation system. The CLAF-SIW sensor provides a high unloaded quality factor necessary for long- distance ringback-based interrogation. It is designed to detect fast time-varying measurands, such as AC electric fields. The multi-layered stacked sensor design allows easy replacement and modification of ground planes, allowing its use for other sensing applications, such as temperature and strain sensing. This thesis also explores wireless temperature sensing in a far-field scenario, where temperature variations cause shifts in the resonant frequency due to changes in the dielectric constant and dimensions of the structure.