Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management Scholarly Works
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Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Rediscovering Citta: Vignettes on Violence and Healing in Life and Commercial Yoga Spaces(2023-12-31) Cumberbatch, Brett LesleyI have spent most of my life fighting for breath. It is hard to connect and fall in love with breath, the very life force of a person’s being, when you are busy every moment of every day fighting for it. When you are this structurally vulnerable, healing is near impossible because you are constantly bombarded by violence. I am a large built six-foot Black man who spent the first three and a half decades of his life disconnected and disembodied. I felt purposely separated from myself. Numb for the sake of survival, sober, but inebriated with disassociation just to make it through the day. This is an intentional and well-calibrated consequence of structural racism. I obviously did not know this as a child. Maybe I knew deep down inside, however like many young Black men I could not adequately put words to the emotional location of my experience. One thing I remember being confident enough to affirm (I was around the age of five), I did not feel “well” and things around me did not feel “sincere.”Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Database quality assessment in research in paramedicine: a scoping review(BMC, 2023-11-11) McDonald, Neil; Little, Nicola; Kriellaars, Dean Johannes.; Doupe, Malcolm B.; Giesbrecht, Gordon; Pryce, Rob T.Background Research in paramedicine faces challenges in developing research capacity, including access to high-quality data. A variety of unique factors in the paramedic work environment influence data quality. In other fields of healthcare, data quality assessment (DQA) frameworks provide common methods of quality assessment as well as standards of transparent reporting. No similar DQA frameworks exist for paramedicine, and practices related to DQA are sporadically reported. This scoping review aims to describe the range, extent, and nature of DQA practices within research in paramedicine. Methods This review followed a registered and published protocol. In consultation with a professional librarian, a search strategy was developed and applied to MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine), EMBASE (Elsevier), Scopus (Elsevier), and CINAHL (EBSCO) to identify studies published from 2011 through 2021 that assess paramedic data quality as a stated goal. Studies that reported quantitative results of DQA using data that relate primarily to the paramedic practice environment were included. Protocols, commentaries, and similar study types were excluded. Title/abstract screening was conducted by two reviewers; full-text screening was conducted by two, with a third participating to resolve disagreements. Data were extracted using a piloted data-charting form. Results Searching yielded 10,105 unique articles. After title and abstract screening, 199 remained for full-text review; 97 were included in the analysis. Included studies varied widely in many characteristics. Majorities were conducted in the United States (51%), assessed data containing between 100 and 9,999 records (61%), or assessed one of three topic areas: data, trauma, or out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (61%). All data-quality domains assessed could be grouped under 5 summary domains: completeness, linkage, accuracy, reliability, and representativeness. Conclusions There are few common standards in terms of variables, domains, methods, or quality thresholds for DQA in paramedic research. Terminology used to describe quality domains varied among included studies and frequently overlapped. The included studies showed no evidence of assessing some domains and emerging topics seen in other areas of healthcare. Research in paramedicine would benefit from a standardized framework for DQA that allows for local variation while establishing common methods, terminology, and reporting standards.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Neuromuscular activity of the lower-extremities during running, landing and changing-of-direction movements in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a review of electromyographic studies(BioMed Central (BMC), 2023-04-14) Georgoulis, Jim D.; Melissaridou, Dimitra; Patras, Kostas; Megaloikonomos, Panayiotis D.; Trikoupis, Ioannis; Savvidou, Olga D.; Papagelopoulos, Panayiotis J.Abstract Purpose Running, jumping/landing and cutting/change of direction (CoD) are critical components of return to sport (RTS) following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), however the electromyographic (EMG) activity patterns of the operated leg during the execution of these tasks are not clear. Methods A systematic review was conducted to retrieve EMG studies during running, jumping/landing and cutting/(CoD) in ACLR patients. MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science databases were searched from 2000 to May, 2022 using a combination of keywords and their variations: “anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction” OR “ACLR”, “electromyography” OR “EMG”, “running”, “jumping” OR “landing”, “cutting” OR “change-of-direction” OR “CoD”. The search identified studies comparing EMG data during running, landing and cutting/(CoD) between the involved limb and contralateral or control limbs. Risk of bias was assessed and quantitative analyses using effect sizes were performed. Results Thirty two studies met the inclusion criteria. Seventy five percent (24/32) of the studies reported altered EMG activity pattern of the ACLR leg during running, jumping/landing and cutting/(CoD) when compared with either the healthy control leg or the contra-lateral leg. Twelve studies showed decreased, delayed or earlier onset and delayed peak in quadriceps EMG activity with small to large effect sizes and 9 studies showed increased, delayed or earlier onset and delayed peak in hamstrings EMG activity with small to large effect sizes. Four studies showed a “hamstrings-dominant” strategy i.e. decreased quadriceps coupled with increased hamstrings EMG activity in both running and jumping/landing irrespective of graft type. One study reported that on the grounds of decreased quadriceps activity, lower hamstrings EMG activity was predictive of ipsilateral re-injury in ACLR patients. Conclusion This systematic review of Level III evidence showed that the ACLR leg displays decreased quadriceps or increased hamstrings EMG activity or both despite RTS. Simultaneous decreased quadriceps and increased hamstrings EMG activity was shown for both running and jumping/landing. From a clinical perspective this “hamstrings dominant” strategy can serve as a protective mechanism against graft re-injury. Level of evidence III.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Relative age effects on speed trials in Brazilian athletics(BMC, 2023-02-11) Barboza-Neto, Rui; Nobari, Hadi; Aidar, Felipe J.; Almeida-Neto, Paulo F.; Silva, Ana F.; Medeiros, Radamés M. V.; Clemente, Filipe M.; de Queiros, Victor S.; de Matos, Dihogo G.; da Silva, Luiz F.; Badicu, Georgian; Dantas, Paulo M. S.; de Araújo Tinôco Cabral, Breno G.Background Relative age effect (RAE) is a concept related to the possible advantage that older athletes would have over younger ones within the same category. Although many studies have approached this subject in individual sports, there are few clippings by events within the sport. More detailed analyses are necessary for a better understanding of how RAE behaves in sports, especially in athletics, the subject of this study. The objective of this study was to analyze the RAE on speed in track and field events as a whole, separating the flat races from the hurdles races. Methods The Brazilian Ranking of Brazilian Athletics Confederation was used for data analysis, and the sample was composed of the 50 best-placed marks in the ranking of speed events in athletics in the categories Under(U)-16 and U-18 (female and male). Statistical analysis was calculated by chi-square, and the effect size was checked by Cramer’s V. Likelihood-ratio test (L-Ratio) assessed the probability of the RAE occurring in the total sample and by age groups. Results In the total sample the results pointed to the emergence of RAE in males in both categories (U-16: p < 0.001; V: 0.13; L-Ratio: 3.64, U-18: p < 0.001; V: 0.13; L-Ratio: 3.80), whereas in females no such effect was found in any category (U-16: p = 0.6; V: 0.09; L-Ratio: 0.09, U-18: p = 0.6; V: 0.07; L-Ratio: 0.12). When the results were separated by type of event, there was only a RAE in the shallow event in the U-18 female category (p = 0.3; V: 0.11; L-Ratio: 8.72). Conclusion The results allow us to conclude that there is a RAE in the speed trials of Brazilian athletics in the U16 and U18 categories for men, while this effect appears only in the shallow trials of the U18 category for women, indicating that the RAE has incidence when there is more participation and competition in the sport.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Force–velocity relationship in Paralympic powerlifting: two or multiple-point methods to determine a maximum repetition(2022-08-24) Aidar, Felipe J.; Brito, Ciro J.; de Matos, Dihogo G.; de Oliveira, Levy A. S.; de Souza, Rapahel F.; de Almeida-Neto, Paulo F.; de Araújo Tinoco Cabral, Breno G.; Neiva, Henrique P.; Neto, Frederico R.; Reis, Victor M.; Marinho, Daniel A.; Marques, Mário C.; Clemente, Filipe M.; Nobari, HadiAbstract Background Due to the absence of evidence in the literature on Paralympic Powerlifting the present study investigated various methods to assess bench press maximum repetition and the way each method influences the measurement of minimum velocity limit (MVT), load at zero velocity (LD0), and force–velocity (FV). Objective To evaluate the precision of the multi-point method using proximal loads (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% of one repetition maximum; 1RM) compared to the four-point method (50, 60, 70, and 80% of 1RM) and the two-point method using distant loads (40 and 80% and 50 and 80% of 1RM) in in the MVT, LD0, and FV, in bench press performed by Paralympic Powerlifters (PP). Methods To accomplish this, 15 male elite PP athletes participated in the study (age: 27.7 ± 5.7 years; BM: 74.0 ± 19.5 kg). All participants performed an adapted bench press test (free weight) with 6 loads (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% 1RM), 4 loads (50, 60, 70, and 80% 1RM), and 2 loads (40–80% and 50–80% 1RM). The 1RM predictions were made by MVT, LD0, and FV. Results The main results indicated that the multiple (4 and 6) pointsmethod provides good results in the MVT (R2 = 0.482), the LD0 (R2 = 0.614), and the FV (R2 = 0.508). The two-point method (50–80%) showed a higher mean in MVT [1268.2 ± 502.0 N; ICC95% 0.76 (0.31–0.92)], in LD0 [1504.1 ± 597.3 N; 0.63 (0.17–0.86)], and in FV [1479.2 ± 636.0 N; 0.60 (0.10–0.86)]. Conclusion The multiple-point method (4 and 6 points) and the two-point method (40–80%) using the MVT, LD0, and FV all showed a good ability to predict bench press 1RM in PP.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , A pilot and feasibility study of a randomized clinical trial testing a self-compassion intervention aimed to increase physical activity behaviour among people with prediabetes(2022-05-27) Signore, Alana K.; Jung, Mary E.; Semenchuk, Brittany; Kullman, Sasha M.; Tefft, Olivia; Webber, Sandra; Ferguson, Leah J.; Kowalski, Kent; Fortier, Michelle; McGavock, Jon; Ahmed, Rashid; Orr, Marion; Strachan, ShaelynAbstract Background Seventy-five per cent of individuals with prediabetes will eventually be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Physical activity is a cornerstone in reducing type 2 diabetes risk but can be a challenging behaviour to adopt for those living with prediabetes. Individuals with prediabetes experience difficult emotions associated with being at risk for a chronic disease, which can undermine self-regulation. Self-compassion enhances self-regulation because it mitigates difficult emotions and promotes adaptive coping. We performed a pilot randomized controlled trial to determine the feasibility and acceptability of a self-compassion informed intervention to increase physical activity for persons with prediabetes. Methods This explanatory mixed methods study tested the feasibility and acceptability of a two-arm, randomized, single-blind, actively controlled, 6-week online intervention. Using a 1:1 allocation ratio, participants (identified as people with prediabetes, low physical activity, and low self-compassion) were randomized to a self-compassion (Mage = 60.22 years) or control condition (Mage = 56.13 years). All participants received behaviour change education (e.g. SMART goals, action-coping planning) and either other health knowledge (control condition: e.g. sleep, benefits of water) or self-compassion training (intervention condition: practising mindfulness, writing a letter to themselves offering the same support that they would offer to a friend). The primary outcome was to determine the feasibility and acceptability of the trial. To be considered feasible, our outcomes needed to meet or surpass our pre-determined criteria (e.g. time for group formation: 14–20 participants per month). Feasibility was assessed by examining the recruitment rates, retention, adherence, fidelity, and capacity. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants to determine trial acceptability. As a secondary purpose, we examined the means on key study variables (secondary and exploratory variables; see Table 1) at all planned time points (baseline, intervention-end, 6- and 12-week follow-up) to identify if they are suitable to include in the efficacy trial (see Additional Table 3). Results Eighteen participants were screened and randomized to one of two conditions. Retention, instructor fidelity, safety, capacity, adherence to most of the study aspects, and acceptability by participants and facilitators all met the criteria for feasibility. Recruitment rate, process time, and adherence to home practice were below our criteria, and we offer ways to address these shortcomings for the efficacy trial. Conclusion The results from this study suggest that it should be feasible to deliver our intervention while highlighting the alterations to components that may be altered when delivering the efficacy trial. We outline our changes which should improve and enhance the feasibility and acceptability of our planned intervention. Funding for this study was from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04402710 . Registered on 09 April 2020.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Transgender Eligibility Policy in Sport: Science, Ethics, and Evidence(Parnassos Press, 2017) Teetzel, SarahIn response to cases of high-profile athletes’ sex being called into question, prior to the 2012 London Olympic Games, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) updated its policy addressing the conditions under which athletes are eligible to compete in the women’s sport category. The IAAF’s policy, which stipulated the eligibility conditions that transgender athletes, as well as athletes with disorders of sex development (DSD) and hyperandrogenism, must meet to participate in high-performance sport, was subsequently endorsed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and remained in effect until 2015 when the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) ordered the immediate suspension of the policy. The decision rendered mixed reactions, with some dissenting voices echoing American athlete Summer Pierson’s (2011) view that “it is a privilege to compete, and in order to enjoy such a privilege, the sacrifice of certain rights is required” (323). To engage in moral evaluation of the policy, more information is needed about how the rules in force apply to and impact athletes. To gain new knowledge about athletes’ views of the sex verification regulations, athletes who identify as a trans and high-performance female athletes were invited to participate in semi-structured, in-depth interviews about their understanding of, and reactions to, rules governing sex verification in sport. Athletes, such as Pierson, who speak openly about their concerns regarding rule changes that promote inclusive sport have faced criticism and charges of intolerance, and may fear losing sponsorship opportunities for speaking their minds (Ljungqvist & Genel, 2005). For example, MMA fighter Ronda Roussey received negative publicity after questioning whether trans women MMA fighters compete at an advantage compared to athletes identified as female at birth (Samano, 2013). In discussing the results from this study, this presentation analyzes athletes’ public and private experiences supporting and challenging sex verification rules mandated by sport governing bodies, such as the IOC, IAAF, and CAS. The philosophy of sport literature is quite silent on the extent that athletes’ views should shape policymaking on contentious ethical issues. The perspectives of the people impacted most (that is, the athletes) certainly need to be included in the dialogue; however, the extent that their perspectives should be privileged over other views remains unclear. Thus, this chapter focuses on the impact of athletes’ voices in determining the moral acceptability of rule changes in sport.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Allyship in elite women’s sport(Routledge, 2020) Teetzel, SarahThroughout 2019, retired athletes Martina Navratilova (tennis), Sharron Davies (swimming), Kelly Holmes (athletics) and Paula Radcliffe (marathon) all spoke publically about what they perceive to be the unfairness of trans women competing in women’s elite sport. These successful athletes, all with a history of growing and promoting women’s sport, were simultaneously celebrated for sharing their thoughts on a complex issue, and labelled transphobic for expressing anti-inclusive and transphobic views. Navratilova, particularly, despite her long history of fighting for inclusion and to end homophobia in sport, faced a severe backlash for expressing anti-trans rhetoric. This paper examines the concept of allyship in the context of inclusion and fairness in sport. Conceptual clarification of what allyship involves and requires precedes an examination of whether athletes should be obliged to promote inclusive sport. I argue that elite women athletes have an obligation to promote women’s sport, but not one that extends as far as a requirement to actively act as allies. To support this conclusion, I argue that: 1) past and present trans athlete eligibility rules endorsed by the IOC are problematic; 2) the typical arguments from unfairness and performance advantages fail to demonstrate why trans athletes should not be welcome to compete; but 3) a requirement of allyship requires more from women athletes than we can reasonably expect. Being mandated to act as an ally, without full commitment, does more harm than good. Athletes thus are entitled to express their views, but sports organizations should be responsible for providing education to all athletes on the science and ethics of trans athlete inclusion.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Response to Lawrence DJ: the global summit on the efficacy and effectiveness of spinal manipulative therapy for the prevention and treatment of non-musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review of the literature(2021-07-20) Côté, Pierre; Hartvigsen, Jan; Axén, Iben; Leboeuf-Yde, Charlotte; Corso, Melissa; Shearer, Heather; Wong, Jessica; Marchand, Andrée-Anne; Cassidy, J. D.; French, Simon; Kawchuk, Gregory N.; Mior, Silvano; Poulsen, Erik; Srbely, John; Ammendolia, Carlo; Blanchette, Marc-André; Busse, Jason W.; Bussières, André; Cancelliere, Carolina; Christensen, Henrik W.; De Carvalho, Diana; De Luca, Katie; Rose, Alister D.; Eklund, Andreas; Engel, Roger; Goncalves, Guillaume; Hebert, Jeffrey; Hincapié, Cesar A.; Hondras, Maria; Kimpton, Amanda; Lauridsen, Henrik H.; Innes, Stanley; Meyer, Anne-Laure; Newell, David; O’Neill, Søren; Pagé, Isabelle; Passmore, Steven; Perle, Stephen M.; Quon, Jeffrey; Rezai, Mana; Stupar, Maja; Swain, Michael; Vitiello, Andrew; Weber, Kenneth; Young, Kenneth J.; Yu, HainanItem type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Modeling age-related neuromuscular changes in humans(NRC Research Press, 2009-08) Webber, Sandra C.; Porter, Michelle M.; Gardiner, Phillip, F.With aging, motoneurons and muscle tissue undergo significant changes, which influence function in terms of strength, mobility, and overall independence. Mathematical modeling provides a practical method of studying the relationships among recruitment, rate-coding, and force output in motor units, and may be used to predict functional neuromuscular changes related to aging. For this study, the Heckman–Binder model was used to examine changes in human quadriceps motor units. Relationships among current input, firing frequency, and force output were defined for both a younger and an older individual. Included in the model were age-related effects associated with reduced muscle contractile speed; reduced muscle-fibre number, size, and specific tension; reduced gain of the frequency–current relationship; decreased size of motoneurons; and altered motor unit remodeling. Adjustment of this model to reflect age-related changes resulted in a leftward shift of the force–frequency function, lower firing frequency for any given current injected into the motoneuron, and a reduction in maximal force output. The model suggests that older individuals are capable of reaching force levels up to approximately 50% of those attained by younger individuals, with relatively similar or even slightly lower levels of current input. This could mean that the sense of effort and the contribution of factors other than degree of effort from afferent inputs to the pool, including conscious supraspinal centres, might be different in the older adult.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Accuracy of Thresholds Based on Cadence and Lifestyle Counts per Minute to Detect Outdoor Walking in Older Adults With Mobility Limitations(Human Kinetics, Inc., 2020-05) Webber, Sandra C.; Hahn, Francine; Lix, Lisa M.; Tittlemier, Brenda J.; Salbach, Nancy M.; Barclay, RuthTo determine the optimal threshold, based on cadence and lifestyle counts per minute, to detect outdoor walking in mobility-limited older adults. Methods: Older adults (N = 25, median age: 77.0 years, interquartile range: 10.5) wore activity monitors during 80 outdoor walks. Walking bouts were identified manually (reference standard) and compared with identification using cadence thresholds (≥30, ≥35, ≥40, ≥45, and ≥50 steps/min) and >760 counts per minute using low frequency extension analysis. Results: Median walking bout duration was 10.5 min (interquartile range 4.8) and median outdoor walking speed was 0.70 m/s (interquartile range 0.20). Cadence thresholds of ≥30, ≥35, and ≥40 steps/min demonstrated high sensitivity (1.0, 95% confidence intervals [0.95, 1.0]) to detect walking bouts; estimates for specificity and positive predictive value were highest for ≥40 steps/min. Conclusion: A cadence threshold of ≥40 steps/min is recommended for detecting sustained outdoor walking in this population.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Monitoring Mobility in Older Adults Using Global Positioning System (GPS) Watches and Accelerometers: A Feasibility Study(Human Kinetics, Inc., 2009-10) Webber, Sandra C.; Porter, Michelle M.This exploratory study examined the feasibility of using Garmin global positioning system (GPS) watches and ActiGraph accelerometers to monitor walking and other aspects of community mobility in older adults. After accuracy at slow walking speeds was initially determined, 20 older adults (74.4 ± 4.2 yr) wore the devices for 1 day. Steps, distances, and speeds (on foot and in vehicle) were determined. GPS data acquisition varied from 43 min to over 12 hr, with 55% of participants having more than 8 hr between initial and final data-collection points. When GPS data were acquired without interruptions, detailed mobility information was obtained regarding the timing, distances covered, and speeds reached during trips away from home. Although GPS and accelerometry technology offer promise for monitoring community mobility patterns, new GPS solutions are required that allow for data collection over an extended period of time between indoor and outdoor environments.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , An Evaluation of the Roadwise Review: A Mixed Methods Approach(Traffic Injury Prevention, 2011) Porter, Michelle M.; Tuokko, Holly A.Objective: The objective of this mixed methods study was to perform an evaluation of the Roadwise Review CD-ROM (RWR), a self-screening tool for older drivers. Methods: Ninety-six older drivers (67 to 91) used the RWR with a research assistant at two different sites, and then completed written surveys (closed and open-ended questions) immediately after the session as well as two weeks later. In addition, RWR test results by these 96 older drivers were compared to the results of the original sample that was used to establish normative data for the RWR. Results: When test scores were evaluated, almost all participants (96%) were found to have at least one impairment. The rates of impairment varied dramatically between tests from 3% (visual acuity) to 75% (visual search). Several average test scores were found to be different from the original samples upon which the normative data were derived. Several factors were found that influenced these older drivers’ scores on the various components of the RWR, although the explanatory power was very low. Participants reported that the RWR was useful, they made changes to their driving, and talked to their family and friends about driving. Participants also provided many good suggestions for improvements of this tool. Conclusions: The RWR offers promise for older drivers to self-screen their ability to drive as well as provide education on safe driving, however modifications are recommended for this tool.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Speeding and Speed Modification of Older Drivers: Does Vehicle Type Make a Difference?(2020-09) Cull, A.W.; Porter, M.M.; Nakagawa, S.; Smith, G.A.; Rapoport, M.J.; Marshall, S.C.; Bedard, M.; Tuokko, H.; Vrkljan, B.; Naglie, G.; Myers, A.M.; Mazer, B.The purpose of this study was to examine whether vehicle type based on size (car vs. other = truck/van/SUV) had an impact on the speeding, acceleration, and braking patterns of older male and female drivers (70 years and older) from a Canadian longitudinal study. The primary hypothesis was that older adults driving larger vehicles (e.g., trucks, SUVs, or vans) would be more likely to speed than those driving cars. Participants (n = 493) had a device installed in their vehicles that recorded their everyday driving. The findings suggest that the type of vehicle driven had little or no impact on per cent of time speeding or on the braking and accelerating patterns of older drivers. Given that the propensity for exceeding the speed limit was high among these older drivers, regardless of vehicle type, future research should examine what effect this behaviour has on older-driver road safety.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , A review of reviews on principles, strategies, outcomes and impacts of research partnerships approaches: a first step in synthesising the research partnership literature(2020-05-25) Hoekstra, F.; Mrklas, K. J; Khan, M.; McKay, R. C; Vis-Dunbar, M.; Sibley, K. M; Nguyen, T.; Graham, I. D; Gainforth, H. LAbstract Background Conducting research in partnership with stakeholders (e.g. policy-makers, practitioners, organisations, patients) is a promising and popular approach to improving the implementation of research findings in policy and practice. This study aimed to identify the principles, strategies, outcomes and impacts reported in different types of reviews of research partnerships in order to obtain a better understanding of the scope of the research partnership literature. Methods This review of reviews is part of a Coordinated Multicenter Team approach to synthesise the research partnership literature with five conceptually linked literature reviews. The main research question was ‘What principles, strategies, outcomes and impacts are reported in different types of research partnership approaches?’. We included articles describing a literature review of research partnerships using a systematic search strategy. We used an adapted version of the Revised Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews tool to assess quality. Nine electronic databases were searched from inception to April 2018. Principles, strategies, outcomes and impacts were extracted from the included reviews and analysed using direct content analysis. Results We included 86 reviews using terms describing several research partnership approaches (e.g. community-based participatory research, participatory research, integrated knowledge translation). After the analyses, we synthesised 17 overarching principles and 11 overarching strategies and grouped them into one of the following subcategories: relationship between partners; co-production of knowledge; meaningful stakeholder engagement; capacity-building, support and resources; communication process; and ethical issues related to the collaborative research activities. Similarly, we synthesised 20 overarching outcomes and impacts on researchers, stakeholders, the community or society, and the research process. Conclusions This review of reviews is the first that presents overarching principles, strategies, outcomes and impacts of research partnerships. This review is unique in scope as we synthesised literature across multiple research areas, involving different stakeholder groups. Our findings can be used as a first step to guide the initiation and maintenance of research partnerships and to create a classification system of the key domains of research partnerships, which may improve reporting consistency in the research partnership literature. Trial registration This study is registered via Open Science Framework: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/GVR7Y.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Public knowledge, attitudes and practices of vehicle submersion incidents: a pilot study(2019-06-03) McDonald, Gerren K; Moser, Cheryl A; Giesbrecht, Gordon GAbstract Introduction Vehicle submersions account for up to 10% of all drownings in high-income countries. Reports indicate that occupants may be conscious and functional, but possibly making incorrect decisions for self-rescue leading to drowning. This study investigated current public knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding vehicle submersion incidents and to determine if individuals, who are aware of educational efforts regarding vehicle submersions, indicated better responses. Method A knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) survey was developed based on previous findings and guidelines from Operation ALIVE (Automobile submersion: Lessons In Vehicle Escape) for vehicle submersion incidents. Results The majority of respondents (87%) had knowledge of vehicle submersions from the media, but they were not aware (94%) of an effective self-rescue protocol. Respondents felt they had low risk of involvement in a vehicle submersion, and that the chance of survival was likely. Most respondents selected a “successful” initial action for escape; however, other responses indicate the chances of completing a successful self-rescue sequence was less likely. Only 45% of respondents were “aware” of Operation ALIVE educational initiatives, and this awareness did not generally produce better responses. Conclusions Public understanding of vehicle submersion incidents is low and current public education efforts have not increased awareness in the severity or the urgency for performing self-rescue in this scenario. Simply increasing public knowledge of “SWOC” (“SEATBELTS” off, “WINDOWS” open, “OUT” immediately, “CHILDREN” first) would help to decrease the high fatality rate associated with this type of road traffic accident.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , An examination of the concordance between self-reported collisions, driver records, and insurance claims in older drivers(Journal of Safety Research, 2018-12) Porter, Michelle MBackground Previous studies of older drivers have found that there are discrepancies between their retrospective self-reports of collisions and the official jurisdictional record. Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine how older drivers self-report collisions in comparison to what was recorded in their official driver abstract as well as insurance claims, in a prospective study. Methods Participants (n = 125, age ≥ 70 years) in this study were part of the University of Manitoba site of the Candrive longitudinal study of older drivers. During the operation of the Manitoba site (2009 to 2013), participants were periodically asked to report on any collisions (at-fault or not) in which they were involved, while they were enrolled in the study. In addition, driver records (abstracts and insurance claims) from the provincial licensing agency and public insurer (Manitoba Pubic Insurance; MPI) were provided annually. Results In total there were 101 separate instances of collisions (regardless of at-fault status), whether self-reported, or recorded by MPI. There were 20 at-fault collisions that were recorded on the driver abstract. Eighteen of these collisions were self-reported by participants. In total, our participants were involved in 70 insurance claims (42 at-fault) — 61 of these were self-reported to study staff. In addition, there were 31 collisions that were self-reported to study staff, that were not reported to MPI. Conclusions In this prospective study, older drivers were diligent in reporting collisions in which they were involved. While some collisions were not reported that ultimately became a claim or part of their driver abstract, the biggest discrepancy was in the collisions that were reported to study staff but that were not reported to authorities.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Seasonal and Weather Effects on Older Adults’ Driving Trip Distances(Canadian Journal on Aging, 2016-06) Smith, Glenys A.; Porter, Michelle M; Cull, Andrew W.; Mazer, Barbara; Myers, Anita M.; Naglie, Gary; Bedard, Michel; Tuokko, Holly A.; Vrkljan, Brenda H.; Gelinas, Isabelle; Marshall, Shawn C.; Rapoport, Mark J.The purpose of this study was to determine if season or weather affected the objectively measured trip distances of older drivers (≥ 70 years n=279) at seven Canadian sites. During winter, for all trips taken, trip distance was 7% shorter when controlling for site and whether the trip occurred during the day. In addition, for trips taken within city limits, trip distance was 1% shorter during winter and 5% longer during rain when compared to no precipitation when controlling for weather (or season respectively), time of day, and site. At night, trip distance was about 30% longer when controlling for season and site (and weather), contrary to expectations. Together these results suggest that older Canadian drivers alter their trip distances based on season, weather conditions and time of day, although not always in the expected direction.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Naturalistic Driving Patterns of Older Adults Before and After Cataract Surgery(Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology, 2018-10) Porter, Michelle M; Cull, Andrew W.Background. Cataract surgery can have many benefits for older adults, including enabling continued driving. However, it is not known how objectively measured driving patterns change after cataract surgery. Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine how participants from the Winnipeg site of Candrive (a longitudinal study of older drivers in Canada) drove before and after cataract surgery. Methods. An in-vehicle device monitored all trips taken at 1 second intervals allowing for the analysis of distances driven, number of trips, time of trips, speeding, excessive braking/accelerating, as well as the types of roadways. Hypotheses. It was hypothesized that after cataract surgery participants would drive further. Secondarily it was also hypothesized that participants would make more trips, drive further from home on different roadway types, drive in the dark more, speed more, and have fewer episodes of hard brakes and accelerations. Results. Over the four years of data collection, there were 16 cases of participants having cataract surgery, whereby there was also suitable driving data for analyses. Participants drove 28% further distances after surgery (p = 0.022). They also had drove further from home, more on primary roads (p < 0.05), and had fewer episodes of hard braking per distance travelled (p < 0.001). No other variables significantly changed. Conclusions. This study suggests that older drivers changed some of their driving patterns after cataract surgery. Future studies could explore the effects of increased driving exposure, in conjunction with potentially safer driving behaviors, on overall driving safety after cataract surgery.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , The Effect of Fuel Prices on the Driving Patterns of Older Adults(Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour, 2018) Sukhawathanakul, Paweena; Porter, Michelle M; Naglie, Gary; Marshall, Shawn; Rapoport, Mark J.; Tuokko, Holly; Vrkljan, Brenda; Gelinas, Isabelle; Mazer, Barbara; Bedard, MichelExamining environmental factors that influence older adults’ driving patterns has important implications for understanding factors that can lead to self-regulation and cessation. The current study explored the effect of fuel prices on older adults’ driving patterns using objective data from the nationwide Candrive longitudinal study (N = 807). Fuel prices were negatively associated with driving distance and positively associated with speeding and acceleration pattern. Specifically, on occasions when fuel prices were high, older adults drove less often but were speeding and accelerating more. However, the magnitudes of the effects were small, suggesting that older adults continue to rely on their vehicles for community mobility, despite variations in fuel prices.