Removal of trihalomethanes precursors from surface waters typical for Canadian prairie and shield
Date
2013, 2015-01, 2015
Authors
Sadrnourmohamadi, Mehrnaz
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
International water association (IWA)
sciencedirect
Taylor & Francis
sciencedirect
Taylor & Francis
Abstract
Many Canadian water treatment plants supplied by surface waters of the Canadian Prairie and Shield have elevated concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs), which exceed the provincial standards. These water sources are characterized by elevated levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and varying levels of calcium hardness, which causes a challenge for the removal of THMs precursors.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of two treatment methods: chemical coagulation and pre-ozonation-coagulation on the removal of DOC as the main THMs precursor. Surface waters typical for the Canadian Prairie and Canadian Shield were used in the experiments which includes Assiniboine River, Red River, and Rainy River. The effects of different experimental conditions such as coagulant dose, coagulant type, and solution pH as well as ozone dosage on THMs removal were investigated. The structural and chemical characteristics of natural organic matter and isolated humic substances, before and after the reaction with ozone, were studied using spectroscopic techniques.
The results illustrated that the quality of source water (DOC characteristics, concentration of water DOC and Calcium) has a significant impact on THMs reduction by chemical coagulation and ozonation. Coagulation results showed that reduction of total DOC does not guarantee THMFP reduction and chemical coagulation should be optimized to remove the hydrophobic acid fraction which forms most THMs. The removal of DOC by aluminum-based coagulants was affected more by the concentration of polymeric and colloidal aluminum speciation. This finding is especially important for plants supplied by high alkalinity waters where pH adjustment is a serious challenge.
The effect of pre-ozonation on coagulation varies depending on the concentration of calcium, which has the ability to form complexes with DOC compounds promoting their removal in coagulation. For the surface water with high levels of organic carbon and calcium hardness, ozonation prior to coagulation was beneficial in terms of DOC reduction. However, it showed the opposite effect on water with high levels of DOC accompanied with low level of calcium hardness. Spectroscopic results showed that ozonation of NOM and humic substances cause a significant reduction of aromatic and highly conjugated compounds (constituting primarily the hydrophobic acid fraction).
Description
Keywords
Ozone, Dissolved organic carbon, Calcium hardness, DOC fractionation, Trihalomethane precursors, Coagulation aid, Aluminum speciation, Trihalomethane formation potential
Citation
Sadrnourmohamadi, M., Goss, C.D., Gorczyca, B., 2013. Removal of DOC and its fractions from the high DOC and hardness surface waters of the Canadian Prairie. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply. 13 (3), 864-870.
Sadrnourmohamadi, M., Gorczyca, B., 2015. Effects of ozone as a stand-alone and coagulation-aid treatment on the reduction of trihalomethanes precursors from high DOC and hardness water. Water Research. 73: 171-180.
Sadrnourmohamadi, M., Gorczyca, B., 2015. Removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from high DOC and hardness water by chemical coagulation – relative importance of monomeric, polymeric and colloidal aluminum species. Journal of Separation Science and Technology. 50:1-11.
Sadrnourmohamadi, M., Gorczyca, B., 2015. Effects of ozone as a stand-alone and coagulation-aid treatment on the reduction of trihalomethanes precursors from high DOC and hardness water. Water Research. 73: 171-180.
Sadrnourmohamadi, M., Gorczyca, B., 2015. Removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from high DOC and hardness water by chemical coagulation – relative importance of monomeric, polymeric and colloidal aluminum species. Journal of Separation Science and Technology. 50:1-11.