Selective break-down of flax shove for the recovery of high-value bio-products
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Date
2008, 2011, 2011, 2011, 2013
Authors
Parsons, Robert Vaughan
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Canadian Society for Biosystems Engineering
Canadian Society for Biosystems Engineering
Canadian Society for Biosystems Engineering
Elsevier
Elsevier
Canadian Society for Biosystems Engineering
Canadian Society for Biosystems Engineering
Elsevier
Elsevier
Abstract
A series of investigations was undertaken regarding the biorefining of biomass for the recovery of multiple high-value products. The overall objective was to develop a simple, selective breakdown approach for flax shive, addressing three specific research areas: material properties; extraction processing; and product purification. This thesis includes five published papers and additional research all related to the topic. Flax shive represents the woody residue left over after removing fibre from flax straw. It is composed of lignified xylem tissue. Flax shive is readily available in large quantities, at low cost, and with relatively consistent particle-size and composition characteristics.
Frictional behaviour investigations of bulk flax shive showed differing effects for addition of alcohols versus water. Adding any liquid significantly increased internal friction. The wall friction effects, however, depended on the liquid. Friction was increased significantly by water, but not as much by alcohols. Absorptive behaviour of flax shive, specifically liquid-holding capacity, was assessed using five liquids and compared to three other biomass materials. Flax shive was found to be a comparatively poor absorbent, a desirable behaviour for a feedstock used in aqueous- or alcohol-based processing.
The first step extraction employed sodium ethoxide catalyst in anhydrous ethanol. Yield of solvent-soluble organics varied linearly with catalyst concentration. At 1.0 M the yield was 54.5 ± 14.5 mg/g dry basis (db). Analyses using 1H NMR consistently showed extracts to be phenolic in nature, and to contain no carbohydrate constituents. The second step extraction of hemicellulose polysaccharides was done using aqueous 1.0 M sodium hydroxide. The yield of carbohydrate precipitates was consistent, 99.4 ± 5.1 mg/g (db), and was unaffected by pretreatment. Analyses of polysaccharide backbone monomers showed consistently high molar ratios of xylose-to-glucose, i.e., 25.5 ± 3.4, with no mannose present. These results suggested a high concentration of glucuronoxylan polymer, likely greater than 90% by mass, with no glucomannan present.
Economic evaluation showed two-stage extraction of high-value products to be a potentially viable business. Such processing also tied directly to government polices aimed at increasing value-add from agricultural materials. Overall, flax shive was found to be a desirable feedstock for recovery of high-value bio-products.
Description
Keywords
bioproducts, flax, shive, phenolics, hemicellulose, carbohydrate
Citation
Parsons, R.V., S. Cenkowski and Q. Zhang. 2008. Effects of alcohols versus water addition on the bulk solids frictional behaviour of flax shive. Canadian Biosystems Engineering 50: 3.67‒3.75.
Parsons, R.V and S. Cenkowski. 2011. Liquid-holding capacity of flax shive versus other biomass materials using distilled water, alcohols, and hexane. Canadian Biosystems Engineering 53: 3.19-3.27.
Parsons, R.V., S. Cenkowski and E. Liu. 2011. Flax shive as a case study biorefining opportunity to support development of next-generation biofuels. Paper No. CSBE11-523. Presented at the CSBE/SCGAB 2011 Annual Conference, Inn at the Forks, Winnipeg, Manitoba, July 10-13, 2011.
Parsons, R.V., K.A.L. Parsons and J.L. Sorensen. 2011. Extraction of flax shive using sodium ethoxide catalyst in anhydrous ethanol. Industrial Crops and Products 34: 1245–1249.
Parsons, R.V., S. Cenkowski, J.L. Sorensen, T. Beta and S.D. Arntfield. 2013 Hemicellulose polysaccharide recovery from flax shive using alkaline solutions with sodium ethoxide pretreatment. Industrial Crops and Products 44: 165-170.
Parsons, R.V and S. Cenkowski. 2011. Liquid-holding capacity of flax shive versus other biomass materials using distilled water, alcohols, and hexane. Canadian Biosystems Engineering 53: 3.19-3.27.
Parsons, R.V., S. Cenkowski and E. Liu. 2011. Flax shive as a case study biorefining opportunity to support development of next-generation biofuels. Paper No. CSBE11-523. Presented at the CSBE/SCGAB 2011 Annual Conference, Inn at the Forks, Winnipeg, Manitoba, July 10-13, 2011.
Parsons, R.V., K.A.L. Parsons and J.L. Sorensen. 2011. Extraction of flax shive using sodium ethoxide catalyst in anhydrous ethanol. Industrial Crops and Products 34: 1245–1249.
Parsons, R.V., S. Cenkowski, J.L. Sorensen, T. Beta and S.D. Arntfield. 2013 Hemicellulose polysaccharide recovery from flax shive using alkaline solutions with sodium ethoxide pretreatment. Industrial Crops and Products 44: 165-170.