Sustainable archaeology: the use of low-cost and higher-cost technology for 3D documentation of archaeological objects from the Zulu Kingdom period, South Africa.
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Archaeological repositories often operated by universities and museums grapple with space constraints and preservation challenges for materials excavated from archaeological sites. The conventional use of 2D visualization methods, such as photography and illustration, face limitations in capturing the full three-dimensional essence of artifacts. This has stimulated the application of 3D modelling technology in archaeological research. The study evaluates 3D solutions for digital imaging, aiming to enhance accessibility for conservation, research, education, and public engagement. The research assesses the feasibility of integrating 3D technology into regular documentation practices in museums and institutions with low budgets. The objectives are met by exploring the application of 3D imaging technology for documenting and archiving archaeological objects associated with the nineteenth-century Zulu Kingdom in South Africa. Photogrammetry and 3D scanning, such as Scaniverse and Metascan, were employed to model the archaeological materials. The materials were sourced from previous excavations at uMgungundlovu archived at the Five Hundred Year Archive, and from artifacts and features identified during the 2022 field investigations. Through the creation of a digital data management plan and a thorough analysis of various 3D technologies and their applications, 3D models that could improve interactions with archaeological objects were generated. This research proposes methods that can be applied to 3D documentation of materials under curation, in the laboratory, and during fieldwork. In particular, the results advance the development of solutions for the KwaZulu-Natal Amafa and Research Institute and add to the existing 2D images in the Five Hundred Year Archive.