Gut microbiome and genetic heterogeneity in the impact of dietary fat consumption from different sources on cholesterol metabolism in humans
Date
2020
Authors
Rajendiran, Ethendhar
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Abstract
The extent to which consumption of dairy products influences the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not resolved and remains as a challenging area of research. In a multicenter randomized crossover trial, participants consumed five isoenergetic diets, including cheese, butter, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and low-fat carbohydrate (CHO) for 4-weeks. First, the effect of dairy fat on gut microbiome and the potential link with CVD risk was examined. Post-intervention stool samples were analysed for changes in gut microbiome. Significant differences in phylum level were observed for Firmicutes between PUFA (74.40 ± 3.81) vs. CHO (65.90 ± 3.48), and for Verrucomicrobia between cheese (0.10 ± 1.52) vs. butter (4.64 ± 1.52) containing diets. Further, the participants were categorized into two groups, overweight (OW) and obese (OB); no effects were observed in the OW group with respect to β-diversity whereas significant differences were observed between PUFA vs. MUFA (p=0.007), PUFA vs. butter (p=0.039), PUFA vs. CHO (p=0.018), PUFA vs. cheese (p=0.002), MUFA vs. CHO (p=0.004), MUFA vs. cheese (p=0.003), butter vs. CHO (p=0.014) and butter vs. cheese (p=0.002) in the OB group. Second, the genetic associations with selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were investigated. Few SNPs show genotype-diet interaction on serum lipids. In addition, partial least squares (PLS) analysis for DF (cheese + butter) vs. UFA (MUFA + PUFA) suggested that combinations of various SNPs explain the variance in HDL-C, LDL-C, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
Overall, this study indicated that the dietary fat from various sources impact the gut microbial β-diversity, and BMI exerts major influences in altering gut microbiome. Predictive analysis showed that a group of SNPs potentially provide opportunities for personalized dietary recommendations partly based on their genetic characteristics, in order to lower their CVD risk.
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Keywords
Gut microbiome, Dairy fats, Single-nucleotide polymorphisms, Dietary fats, Human clinical trial, CVD