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Access status: Open Access ,
A simplified silver phosphate extraction method for oxygen isotope analysis of bioapatite
(Wiley, 2018-06-21) Shabaga, BM; Gough, H; Fayek, M; Hoppa, RD
Rationale: Although phosphatic materials are chemically complex and are prone to exchange oxygen isotopes with their environments, the phosphate (PO43-) component of these materials is robust and retains its original oxygen isotopic composition. As a result, there are currently several methods for the isolation of phosphate oxygen through the precipitation of silver phosphate (Ag3PO4). However, some of these techniques produce Ag3PO4 of questionable purity, while nearly all are lengthy and/or require relatively large sample sizes. Methods: Five milligrams of bioapatite from modern cow teeth (enamel and cementum) were pre-treated for removal of organic material prior to digestion in 2M HF. The digested samples were titrated with silver ammine solution at 50°C to precipitate Ag3PO4. Oxygen isotopic data were collected using a Thermal Combustion Elemental Analyzer (TC/EA) paired with a Delta VPlus isotope ratio mass spectrometer via a ConFlo III universal interface. Results: The quality of Ag3PO4 is dependent on effective removal of organic material and the volume of silver ammine solution used during titration. A two-step pre-treatment of 2.5% NaOCl, followed by a 0.125M NaOH solution is the most effective treatment for the removal of organic material from both enamel and cementum. Optimal yields of Ag3PO4 were achieved using 1.8 mL of silver ammine solution. The reproducibility of the phosphate δ18O compositions ranges from 0.3 to 0.4‰ (1σ) for modern cow teeth. Conclusions: We present a simplified method for phosphate extraction from organic-rich phosphatic material. Our method gave reproducible 18O values for enamel and cementum from cows’ teeth.
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Complex Hadamard diagonalisable graphs
(Linear Algebra and its Applications, 2020) Chan, A.; Fallat, S.; Kirkland, S.; Lin, J.; Nasserasr, S.; Plosker, S.
In light of recent interest in Hadamard diagonalisable graphs (graphs whose Laplacian matrix is diagonalisable by a Hadamard matrix), we generalise this notion from real to complex Hadamard matrices.We give some basic properties and methods of constructing such graphs. We show that a large class of complex Hadamard diagonalisable graphs have vertex sets forming an equitable partition, and that the Laplacian eigenvalues must be even integers. We provide a number of examples and constructions of complex Hadamard diagonalisable graphs, including two special classes of graphs: the Cayley graphs over Z^d_r , and the non–complete extended p–sum (NEPS). We discuss necessary and sufficient conditions for (\alpha, \beta)–Laplacian fractional revival and perfect state transfer on continuous–time quantum walks described by complex Hadamard diagonalisable graphs and provide examples of such quantum state transfer.
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On split graphs with four distinct eigenvalues
(Discrete Applied Mathematics, 2020) Goldberg, F.; Kirkland, S.; Varghese, A.; Vijayakumar, A.
It is a well-known fact that a graph of diameter d has at least d + 1 eigenvalues. A graph is d-extremal, if it has diameter d and exactly d+1 eigenvalues. A graph is split if its vertex set can be partitioned into a clique and a stable set. Such graphs have diameter at most 3. We obtain a complete classification of the connected bidegreed 3-extremal split graphs using the association of split graphs with combinatorial designs. We also construct certain families of non-bidegreed 3-extremal split graphs.
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The Karpelevic region revisited
(Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 2020) Kirkland, S.; Laffey, T.; Smigoc, H.
We consider the Karpelevic region \Theta_n in the complex plane consisting of all eigenvalues of all stochastic matrices of order n. We provide an alternative characterisation of \Theta_n that sharpens the original description given by Karpelevic. In particular, for each \theta in [0; 2\pi); we identify the point on the boundary of \Theta_n with argument \theta. We further prove that if n is a natural number with n at least 2, and t is in \Theta_n, then t is a subdominant eigenvalue of some stochastic matrix of order n.
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The effectiveness of matching sales influence tactics to consumers’ avoidance versus approach shopping motivations
(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2017) Guo, Wenxia; Main, Kelley J.
Abstract Purpose - Adaptive selling can help build positive relationships between sales agents and consumers. The literature shows that consumers respond positively to sales agents under approach, but not avoidance motivations. The current research demonstrates a circumstance under which consumers with avoidance goals can also respond positively, something not previously shown in the literature. Design/methodology/approach - This research paper uses three experimental betweensubject designs to test hypotheses. Findings - The current research identifies appropriate sales influence tactics (e.g., a customer-autonomy-oriented or a loss-avoidance oriented influence tactic) where consumers with avoidance motivations can also respond to sales agents positively by the evidence of higher purchase intentions. In addition, this research shows that consumers with approach motivations may not always respond positively to salespeople. Further, goal facilitation appraisals of the salespeople serve as a mechanism between consumers’ shopping motivations and their behavioral responses (e.g., purchase intentions). Originality/value - First, while the prior literature demonstrates that approach motivations generally lead to more positive effects (Elliot and Thrash 2002), our research indicates that avoidance motivations can also have positive effects, which is a finding that has not been demonstrated in the literature thus far. Second, this research identifies goal facilitation appraisals as one underlying process that explains the interactive effect between matching influence tactics and consumers’ approach/avoidance motivations when shopping. Third, we integrate regulatory focus theory by using gain- or loss avoidance-oriented sales influence tactics to match approach and avoidance motivations.
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The Right Kind of Evidence - Integrating, Measuring, and Making it Count in Health Equity Research
(Spring Verlag, 2012) Martens, Patricia J
As health equity researchers, we need to produce research that is useful, policy-relevant, able to be understood and applied, and uses integrated knowledge translation (KT) approaches. The Manitoba Centre for Health Policy and its history of working with provincial government as well as regional health authorities is used as a case study of integrated KT. Whether or not health equity research “takes the day” around the decision-making table may be out of our realm, but as scientists, we need to ensure that it is around the table, and that it is understood and told in a narrative way. However, our conventional research metrics can sometimes get in the way of practicality and clear understanding. The use of relative rates, relative risks, or odds ratios can actually be detrimental to furthering political action. In the policy realm, showing the rates by socioeconomic group and trends in those rates, as well as incorporating information on absolute differences, may be better understood intuitively when discussing inequity. Health equity research matters, and it particularly matters to policy-makers and planners at the top levels of decision-making. We need to ensure that our messages are based on strong evidence, presented in ways that do not undermine the message itself, and incorporating integrated KT models to ensure rapid uptake and application in the real world.
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A Systematic Review of the Effect of Early Interventions for Psychosis on the Usage of Inpatient Services
(Oxford University Press, 2015) Randall, Jason R; Vokey, Sherri; Loewen, Hal; Martens, Patricia J; Brownell, Marni; Katz, Alan; Nickel, Nathan C; Burland, Elaine; Chateau, Dan
Objectives: To review and synthesize the currently available research on whether early intervention for psychosis programs reduce the use of inpatient services. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using keywords searches on PubMed, Embase (Ovid), PsycINFO (ProQuest), Scopus, CINAHL (EBSCO), Social Work Abstracts (EBSCO), Social Science Citations Index (Web of Science), Sociological Abstracts (ProQuest), and Child Development & Adolescent Studies (EBSCO). To be included, studies had to be peer-reviewed publications in English, examining early intervention programs using a variant of assertive community treatment, with a control/comparison group, and reporting inpatient service use outcomes. The primary outcome extracted number hospitalized and total N. Secondary outcome extracted means and standard deviations. Data were pooled using random effects models. Primary outcome was the occurrence of any hospitalization during treatment. A secondary outcome was the average bed-days used during treatment period. Results: Fifteen projects were identified and included in the study. Results of meta-analysis supported the occurrence of a positive effect for intervention for both outcome measures (any hospitalization OR: 0.33; 95% CI 0.18–0.63, bed-days usage SMD: −0.38, 95% CI −0.53 to −0.24). There was significant heterogeneity of effect across the studies. This heterogeneity is due to a handful of studies with unusually positive responses. Conclusion: These results suggest that early intervention programs are superior to standard of care, with respect to reducing inpatient service usage. Wider use of these programs may prevent the occurrence of admission for patients experiencing the onset of psychotic symptoms.
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Tests of two functions of alarm calls given by yellow warblers during nest defence
(2003-10-31) Gill, SA; Sealy, SG
During nest defence, yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) give "seet" and "chip" calls. Seet calls are given preferentially toward brood parasitic brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) during the yellow warblers' egg-laying period, whereas chip calls are given toward mammalian and avian nest predators throughout the nesting period. In this study, we investigated two possible functions of seet and chip calls during nest defence by playing alarm calls to nesting yellow warblers. We tested whether nest owners give seet and chip calls during defence to alert their offspring and their mates about nest threats and, in the latter case, whether the alarm calls differ in function depending on nesting stage. In response to playbacks, nestlings remained inactive for a significantly longer period when chip calls were played than when seet calls were played. Female yellow warblers returned to their nesting areas more quickly when seet calls were played than when chip calls were played, but pairs were equally likely to return to the nesting area in response to both call types. These findings suggests that both seet and chip calls alert mates but that only chip calls function to alert nestlings of potential danger.
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Genetic elucidation of host use by individual sympatric bronzed cowbirds (Molothrus aeneus) and brown-headed cowbirds (M-ater)
(2006-09-30) Ellison, K; Sealy, SG; Gibbs, HL
Species of avian brood parasites that use one or several species of hosts are called host specialists and generalists, respectively. To determine host use of individual bronzed cowbirds, Molothrus aeneus (Wagler, 1829), and brown-headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater (Boddaert, 1783), we assigned maternity to eggs using microsatellite DNA markers. We measured patterns of host use by individual sympatric cowbirds. This allowed us to determine whether these species competed for host nests and the number of females laying at nests that were already parasitized by conspecifics. We monitored 1447 nests of 42 potential host species and found that each species of cowbird used primarily four host species, with minimal overlap in the species used, yet at least some individuals acted as generalists. Individual cowbirds tended to avoid laying again at nests each had already parasitized, and multiple parasitism was frequently due to same-day laying by more than one female (19% and 44% of 27 and 39 cases for brown-headed and bronzed cowbirds, respectively). Our results suggest that both cowbirds can differentially parasitize host species; however, host use does not appear to be refined, as many eggs were laid in already-parasitized nests when unparasitized nests of other suitable host species were available.
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Genetic and temporal patterns of multiple parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) on song sparrows (Melospiza melodia)
(2003-02-28) McLaren, CM; Woolfenden, BE; Gibbs, HL; Sealy, SG
Identifying the factors used by an avian brood parasite to select host nests is important in understanding the determinates of individual reproductive success, yet such factors are poorly known for most parasitic species. Insights into these factors may come from understanding the conditions under which female parasites lay more than one egg per host nest (multiple parasitism). Using genetic techniques we examined patterns of multiple parasitism on a preferred host, the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia), to determine some basic patterns of multiple parasitism. Multiple parasitism involved equal frequencies of the same female parasitizing the same nest again and two or more females parasitizing the same nest. The frequency of multiple parasitism increased as the season progressed. We also documented a high frequency of parasitism that was not synchronized with host laying. These laying patterns may be the result of cowbirds "making the best of a bad situation" or of suboptimal host choice by inexperienced, nonselective females.
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Experiments on egg discrimination in two North American corvids: further evidence for retention of egg ejection
(2004-09-30) Underwood, TJ; Sealy, SG; McLaren, CM
In the absence of brood parasitism in North America, black-billed magpies, Pica hudsonia (Sabine, 1822), and yellow-billed magpies, Pica nuttalli (Audubon, 1837), may have retained egg-discrimination behaviour that evolved in Eurasian magpies, Pica pica (L., 1758), in response to parasitism by Old World cuckoos. We further examined this hypothesis by testing the egg-discrimination abilities of black-billed magpies and the American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm, 1822, which has no history of brood parasitism. In addition, we tested an alternative hypothesis that black-billed magpies evolved or retained egg discrimination to counter conspecific parasitism by testing their ability to eject foreign conspecific eggs and by using a signal detection model to estimate the level of conspecific parasitism required for ejection to be favoured. Black-billed magpies ejected all non-mimetic eggs and 62% of mimetic eggs. Significantly more mimetic eggs were ejected during the incubation stage than during the laying stage. Magpies ejected significantly more non-mimetic eggs than mimetic eggs overall, but there was no difference in ejection frequency during incubation. American crows ejected 21% of non-mimetic eggs and 8% of mimetic eggs. There was no significant difference in ejection frequency of the two egg types. Black-billed magpies ejected 11% of conspecific eggs and a relatively high level of conspecific parasitism (22%-49%) would be required to select for conspecific ejection, which provides little support for conspecific parasitism as a current selection pressure for maintaining egg discrimination. Thus, black-billed magpies appear to have retained egg rejection in the absence of parasitism through speciation from Eurasian magpies.
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Pattern of insulin delivery affects hepatic insulin sensitizing substance (HISS) action and insulin resistance
(2004-12-31) Reid, MAG; Lautt, WW
Hepatic insulin sensitizing substance (HISS) action accounts for 55% of the glucose disposal effect of a bolus of insulin in the fed state. To determine the effect of continuous versus pulsatile insulin delivery on HISS action in male Sprague-Dawley rats, insulin sensitivity was assessed using the rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST) before and after a continuous, pulsatile, or bolus insulin (60 mU/kg i.v.) delivery. There was a significant difference in the RIST index after a continuous insulin infusion (247.9 mg/kg before, 73.2 mg/kg after) but not after 3 pulses where insulin action returned to baseline between pulses (211.6 mg/kg before, 191.0 mg/kg after) or single bolus (205.8 mg/kg before, 189.9 mg/kg after) insulin infusion. If a 3-pulse infusion was timed so that insulin action did not return to baseline between pulses, HISS action was suppressed. Continuous insulin infusion (10-30 min) showed progressive postinfusion blockade of HISS action. To maintain HISS-dependent insulin action, continuous insulin infusions should be avoided.
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Nitric oxide inhibits norepinephrine-induced hepatic vascular responses but potentiates hepatic glucose output
(2000-01-31) Ming, Z; Han, C; Lautt, WW
We previously reported that sympathetic nerve-induced vasoconstriction in the intestine resulted in shear stress induced release of nitric oxide (NO) that led to presynaptic inhibition of transmitter release. In contrast, studies in the liver suggested a postsynaptic inhibition of vascular responses, thus leading to the hypothesis tested here that maintained catecholamine release in the liver would result in maintained metabolic catecholamine action in the face of inhibition of vascular responses. In rats, norepinephrine (NE) induced elevations in arterial glucose content were inhibited by NO synthase antagonism (N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 10 mg/kg, intraportal) but potentiated by NO donor administration (3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), 0.2 mg/kg, intraportal). The potentiated effect of SIN-1 was abolished by indomethacin (7.5 mg/kg, intraportal). To confirm the hepatic site of metabolic effect, cats were used so that blood flow and hepatic glucose balance could be determined. SIN-1 potentiated NE-induced glucose output from the liver from 5.0 +/- 0.4 to 7.2 +/- 0.6 mg.min(-1.)kg(-1). The potentiation was blocked by methylene blue, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor. Contrary to the glucose response, L-NAME potentiated but SIN-1 attenuated NE-induced portal vasoconstriction. Thus NO is shown to produce differential modulation of vascular and metabolic effects of NE. Vasoconstriction of the hepatic vasculature is inhibited by NO, whereas the glycogenolytic response to NE is potentiated, responses that are probably mediated by prostaglandin.
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Insulin sensitivity regulated by feeding in the conscious unrestrained rat
(2002-01-31) Latour, MG; Lautt, WW
Hepatic insulin sensitizing substance (HISS), a putative hormone released from the liver in response to insulin in fed animals, accounts for 50-60% of insulin action. HISS release is regulated by permissive control of the hepatic parasympathetic nerves. The objectives were to develop the rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST) in conscious rats, and to assess the effects of anesthesia, atropine, feeding, and fasting on insulin action. The RIST index, expressed as milligrams glucose per kilogram body weight required to maintain euglycemia after a 50 mU/kg bolus of insulin, was similar in conscious and anesthetized rats (238.6 +/- 42.5 vs. 225.3 +/- 30.4 mg/kg). Atropine produced a 56% inhibition of insulin action in fed rats. After a 24 h fast, full HISS-dependent insulin resistance had developed as shown by a low RIST index that was not reduced further by atropine. Fasting caused a 10.5% decrease in insulin action per hour over six hours. HISS-dependent insulin resistance in 24-h fasted rats was reversed 4 h after re-feeding (90.9 +/- 12.3 vs. 204.5 +/- 30.5 mg/kg). We conclude that HISS-dependent and HISS-independent insulin action, as assessed by the RIST, is similar in conscious and pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Pharmacological blockade of HISS-dependent insulin action and physiological regulation of HISS action by feeding-fasting is confirmed. Re-feeding fasted rats reversed HISS-dependent insulin resistance. Merits of use of the RIST in conscious versus anesthetized rats are discussed.
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Increased incidence of hepatic insulin-sensitizing substance (HISS)-dependent insulin resistance in female rats prenatally exposed to ethanol
(2005-04-30) Sadri, P; Legare, DJ; Takayama, S; Lautt, WW
Insulin causes the release of the hepatic insulin-sensitizing substance (HISS) from the liver. Hepatic parasympathetic nerves play a permissive role in the release of HISS. HISS-dependent insulin resistance (HDIR) occurs in the absence of HISS. Fetal ethanol exposure has been shown to cause dose-dependent HDIR in adult male rat offspring. Since female offspring are more severely affected by in utero ethanol toxicity, we hypothesized that fetal alcohol exposure causes higher incidence and more severe HDIR in adult female offspring. Adult female rat offspring prenatally exposed to different concentrations of ethanol (0%, 15%, and 20%) were tested for insulin sensitivity using the rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST). The RIST index was significantly reduced in the 15% (134.1 +/- 16.1 mg/kg) and the 20% (98.7 +/- 9.7 mg/kg) group compared with the 0% (220.9 +/- 27.6 mg/kg) group. Administration of atropine produced significant additional HDIR in the 15% group (82.9 +/- 14.5 mg/kg) but not the 20% group (83.8 +/- 20.5 mg/kg) indicating complete HDIR had been produced in this group, contrary to the adult male offspring in a previous study. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that adult-female offspring are more severely affected by in utero ethanol exposure compared with adult-male offspring.
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Glucose disposal by insulin, but not IGF-1, is dependent on the hepatic parasympathetic nerves
(2000-10-31) Sadri, P; Lautt, WW
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has many insulin-like activities, including stimulation of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. However, those with diabetes or chronic liver disease are insulin resistant but show a normal hypoglycemic response to IGF-1. We have previously shown that insulin sensitivity depends on a hepatic parasympathetic reflex release of a hormone from the liver. The hypothesis was tested that insulin action, but not IGF-1 action, is dependent on the hepatic parasympathetic reflex. Glucose disposal in response to three doses of IGF-1 (25, 100, 200 mu g/kg) was determined in rats. IGF-1 at 200 mu g/kg had similar effect on glucose disposal as did 50 mU/kg of insulin. Interruption of the hepatic parasympathetic reflex either by surgical ablation of the anterior nerve plexus or by atropine (1.0 mg/kg) resulted in insulin, but not IGF-1, resistance. Sixteen hours of fasting resulted in insulin, but not IGF-1, resistance. In conclusion, insulin, but not IGF-1, triggers the hepatic parasympathetic dependent release of a putative hepatic insulin sensitizing substance (HISS) that stimulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle.
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Comparison of the rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST), the insulin tolerance test (ITT), and the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HIEC) to measure insulin action in rats
(2002-08-31) Reid, MAG; Latour, MG; Legare, DJ; Rong, N; Lautt, WW
The objective was to compare the ability of the rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST), the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HIEC), and the insulin tolerance test (ITT) to detect hepatic insulin sensitizing substance (HISS) dependent insulin action. HISS action was augmented by feeding and inhibited by fasting, blockade of hepatic nitric oxide synthase, or blockade of hepatic muscarinic cholinergic receptors. A significant correlation was found between the RIST index and ITT nadir (r(2) = 0.84), but not between the glucose infusion rate of the HIEC and RIST index. There was, however, a relationship between the RIST index and the initial response during the HIEC. Use of the HIEC resulted in HISS-dependent insulin resistance in both conscious and anesthetized animals. We concluded that since the RIST and ITT were comparable in quantifying both HISS-dependent and HISS-independent insulin action, the RIST was validated against this standard. The observation that the HIEC is capable of detecting HISS action in the first rising slope of the test but not at the end of the test and that HISS release is fully blocked after the conclusion of the HIEC raises concerns about the use of the commonly used HIEC.
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Thermophilic anaerobic acid digestion of biosolids: hydrolysis, acidification, and optimization of retention time of acid digestion
(2006-05-31) Puchajda, B; Oleszkiewicz, J
The objective of the study was the optimization of the retention time in a thermophilic acid digestion system. To achieve this optimization, acidification index defined as the ratio between acidification rate and hydrolysis-rate was used. First-order reaction model developed by Eastman and Ferguson (1981) was used to describe hydrolysis of particulate matter in sludge. The first-order hydrolysis rate constant was found to be 2.36 d(-1), and the initial concentration of degradable particulate COD was found to be 10.4 g/L. A model of acid digestion was proposed that included acidogenic biomass growth and decay. The total acidogenic population was estimated and kinetic parameters of acidogenic population were specific growth rate 6.78 d(-1), net specific growth rate 0.25 d(-1), decay coefficient 0.52 d(-1), and observed yield 0.05 mg biomass/mg COD consumed.,Based on the acidification index, the optimum retention time in a thermophilic acid digester was 3-3.5 d.
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Wastewater biosolids: an overview of processing, treatment, and management
(2001-01-31) Oleszkiewicz, J; Mavinic, DS
Treated as a valuable resource, municipal sludge, often today referred to as biosolids, is processed through a variety of novel unit operations leading to a safe, aesthetically pleasing, and sought-after product. The design engineer is concerned first with the ultimate disposal and utilization of the biosolids, providing at least two options for the final disposal. Volume reduction, stabilization or vector attraction reduction, and pathogen inactivation are the key goals; process trains combining them into one unit process are the target technologies. Drying and pelletization are now being applied at much smaller plants because of the introduction of indirect dryers, which have fewer air pollution problems than the direct dryers still used at some larger plants. Stabilization of biosolids in newer plants is more often combined with disinfection at thermophillic temperatures, in anaerobic and particularly in aerobic regimes. For the smallest plants, dewatering is now available in drying bags or vacuum drying beds, and larger plants benefit from an array of new devices offering sludge cakes as dry as 22 to greater than or equal to 40% total solids. The ultimate dryness will depend on the quality of sludge, polymer conditioning program, and machine parameters. Emphasis on cost reduction, with simultaneous demand for an excellent quality end product, calls for innovative and case-specific solutions that go beyond the treatment plant and also address the quality of industrial-commercial discharges to the municipal sewers.
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Nitrifying bacteria addition into reactors operating near washout conditions for nitrification
(2005-07-31) Head, MA; Oleszkiewicz, J
Sequencing batch reactors, at 10 degrees C, operating near the minimum solids retention time (washout conditions) for nitrification, were seeded daily with nitrifying biomass acclimated to 10 and 20 degrees C. Effluent NH3-N levels were decreased to less than 5 mg/L within 23 d for both seeding regimes. Once seeding was terminated, the reactor seeded with nitrifying bacteria acclimated to 10 degrees C continued to achieve full nitrification, whereas the reactor seeded with nitrifiers acclimated to 20 degrees C saw a rapid increase in effluent NH3-N concentrations. Nitrification was not completely lost in the latter reactor after seeding was stopped for 30 d.

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