Discriminating lithology in arctic environments from Earth orbit, an evaluation of satellite imagery and classification algorithms
Date
2001-05-01T00:00:00Z
Authors
Leverington, David William
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Abstract
Empirical investigations of classification algorithms for lithological discrimination were performed for field areas on Melville Island, Nunavut, and in the Cape Smith Belt of northern Quebec. These investigations suggest that a neural network classifier (a majority-vote consensus algorithm that combines the classification results of ten feedforward backpropagation neural networks) is capable of consistently producing results that approximate those produced by the best individual neural network execution, and that are equal or superior to those generated by the maximum likelihood and evidential reasoning classifiers. The majority-vote consensus routine serves to eliminate the effect of the natural variability among individual neural network classification results, by producing strong results without necessitating the manual evaluation and ranking of all individual neural network classifications. Two sets of evidential-reasoning classification results were generated based on two different measures of initialevidence: (1) the proportions of training data that contain the image values being classified; and (2) output activations generated by multiple neural network classifications. Evidential-reasoning results produced using the first measure were generally poor, while those produced using the second were frequently comparable to those of the majority-vote neural network consensus algorithm. Empirical investigations of the use of feedforward backpropagation neural networks in the classification of satellite images suggest that: (1) differences in weight initializations between otherwise identical classifications are not sufficient for the generation of sets of error-independent results for use with consensus algorithms; (2) classifications of satellite images are not characterized by over-generalization; (3) the addition of random noise to input vectors during training is not a useful means for supplementing sparse training datasets; (4) commonly applied guidelines for the definition of network topologies are valid; and (5) the absolute and relative magnitudes of output activations may be used as measures of classification confidence. Evaluations of Landsat TM, Radarsat, and IKONOS images, conducted for the Melville Island and Cape Smith Belt regions, demonstrate that: (1) Radarsat images are useful for the discrimination of lithological classes characterized by good correlations with geomorphology and surface roughness, and (2) IKONOS images are good sources of high-resolution information regarding geomorphology, land cover, and lithological units with distinctive weathering characteristics.