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- ItemRestrictedHydraulic conductivity of clays in confined tests under low hydraulic gradients(1999-10-31T19:07:01Z) Dixon, DA; Graham, J; Gray, MNClay barriers normally function at hydraulic gradients much lower than are commonly used in laboratory tests for hydraulic conductivity. This paper describes low-gradient tests on compacted illite, Na-bentonite, and sand-bentonite specimens at a range of dry densities. The tests examined the effects of deionized or saline pore fluid, the initial degree of saturation at the time of compaction, and back-pressuring to achieve saturation during permeation. No "critical" or "threshold" gradients were observed. In low-density materials, "transitional" gradients de-fined two separate regions of Darcian flow. Low flow rates and low hydraulic conductivities were associated with hydraulic gradients below the transitional gradient. Higher conductivities were associated with gradients above the transitional gradient. Hydraulic conductivities decreased with increasing initial density. They appeared independent of initial degree of saturation or back-pressuring. Tests on Na-rich bentonite showed that deionized and saline permeants produced similar hydraulic conductivities. Measured hydraulic conductivities were in reasonable agreement with values computed using the Poiseuille and Kozeny-Carman equations.
- ItemRestrictedGeoelectric response and crustal electrical-conductivity structure of the Flin Flon Belt, Trans-Hudson Orogen, Canada(1999-11-31) Ferguson, IJ; Jones, AG; Sheng, Y; Wu, X; Shiozaki, IA Lithoprobe magnetotelluric survey across the Palaeoproterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen included 34 sites within the Flin Flon Belt and adjacent geological domains. The magnetotelluric impedance tensors and geomagnetic induction vectors reveal four distinct geoelectric zones along this segment of the Lithoprobe transect. In the east and west, the geoelectric responses are dominated by the contrast between intrusive rocks and more conductive ocean-floor assemblages. A significant characteristic of the responses throughout the Flin Flon Belt is the very strong galvanic distortion of the electric field, which reflects the complexity of the upper crustal geological structure in the greenstone belt, requiring careful application of distortion removal methods. The responses at sites near the north of the Flin Flon Belt are related to the boundary with the southern flank of the Kisseynew gneiss belt. To the south, at sites near Athapapuskow Lake, the responses are dominated by a strong upper-crustal conductor. The magnetotelluric observations show that the Athapapuskow Lake conductivity anomaly extends for at least 40 km along strike (similar to N36%E), and is roughly two-dimensional in form. Numerical modelling shows that the top of the body dips southeast at 20-50% from a western edge coincident with the Athapapuskow Lake shear zone. The conductor lies in the eastern part of the Namew gneiss complex. The magnetotelluric method cannot resolve the exact spatial distribution of conductive rocks but it is probable that the anomaly is caused by a series of isolated conductors (with resistivity < 1 Ohm.m) associated with subordinate graphitic and sulphidic supracrustal gneisses.
- ItemRestrictedMultiple environmental factors regulate the expression of the carbohydrate-selective OprB porin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa(1999-12-31) Adewoye, LO; Worobec, EAIn response to low extracellular glucose concentration, Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces the expression of the outer membrane carbohydrate-selective OprB porin. The promoter region of the oprB gene was cloned into a lacZ transcriptional fusion vector, and the construct was mobilized into P. aeruginosa OprB-deficient strain, WW100, to evaluate additional environmental factors that influence OprB porin gene expression. Growth temperature, pH of the growth medium, salicylate concentration, and carbohydrate source were found to differentially influence porin expression. This expression pattern was compared to those of whole-cell [C-14]glucose uptake under conditions of high osmolarity, ionicity, variable pH, growth temperatures, and carbohydrate source. These studies revealed that the high-affinity glucose transport genes are down-regulated by salicylic acid, differentially regulated by pH and temperature, and are specifically responsive to exogenous glucose induction.
- ItemRestrictedHormonal manipulations of growth rate and its influence on predator avoidance - foraging trade-offs(2000-01-31) Abrahams, MV; Pratt, TCTheoretical investigations into the impact that predators exert on prey species suggest that two parameters, growth rate and mortality rate, should be the most influential in determining when animals should risk exposure to a predator in order to achieve higher feeding rates. While these two parameters have usually been assumed to be environmentally determined, we used thyroid hormone (3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T-3)) to manipulate growth rates and examine the behavioural consequences associated with these manipulations. In two experiments, we examined how the growth rate of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) is affected by treatment with T-3, and used the results from this experiment to make a priori predictions about their relative willingness to risk exposure to a predator in order to receive increased feeding rates. The first experiment demonstrated that T-3 significantly reduced the growth rates of fathead minnows compared with an unmanipulated control. When groups were compared in their relative willingness to risk exposure to a predator, manipulated growth rates in the first experiment were an accurate predictor of behaviour; groups with relatively high growth rates were more willing to risk exposure to a predator. These results are consistent with the theoretical expectation that growth rates should be an important factor determining decisions that involve trade-offs.
- ItemRestrictedNitric oxide inhibits norepinephrine-induced hepatic vascular responses but potentiates hepatic glucose output(2000-01-31) Ming, Z; Han, C; Lautt, WWWe previously reported that sympathetic nerve-induced vasoconstriction in the intestine resulted in shear stress induced release of nitric oxide (NO) that led to presynaptic inhibition of transmitter release. In contrast, studies in the liver suggested a postsynaptic inhibition of vascular responses, thus leading to the hypothesis tested here that maintained catecholamine release in the liver would result in maintained metabolic catecholamine action in the face of inhibition of vascular responses. In rats, norepinephrine (NE) induced elevations in arterial glucose content were inhibited by NO synthase antagonism (N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 10 mg/kg, intraportal) but potentiated by NO donor administration (3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), 0.2 mg/kg, intraportal). The potentiated effect of SIN-1 was abolished by indomethacin (7.5 mg/kg, intraportal). To confirm the hepatic site of metabolic effect, cats were used so that blood flow and hepatic glucose balance could be determined. SIN-1 potentiated NE-induced glucose output from the liver from 5.0 +/- 0.4 to 7.2 +/- 0.6 mg.min(-1.)kg(-1). The potentiation was blocked by methylene blue, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor. Contrary to the glucose response, L-NAME potentiated but SIN-1 attenuated NE-induced portal vasoconstriction. Thus NO is shown to produce differential modulation of vascular and metabolic effects of NE. Vasoconstriction of the hepatic vasculature is inhibited by NO, whereas the glycogenolytic response to NE is potentiated, responses that are probably mediated by prostaglandin.
- ItemRestrictedDual-band dual-polarized perforated microstrip antennas for SAR applications(2000-01-31T12:26:42Z) Shafai, LL; Chamma, WA; Barakat, M; Strickland, PC; Seguin, GFor dual-band dual-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) applications a compact low-profile design is investigated. The operating frequencies are at the L and C-bands, centered about 1.275 and 5.3 GHz, respectively. Since the C-band frequency is larger by a factor of four, its array elements and interelement separations are smaller by the same ratio. Thus, to allow similar scan ranges for both bands, the L-band elements are selected as perforated patches to enable the placement of C-band elements within them. Stacked-patch configurations were used to meet the bandwidth requirements, especially in the L-band, The C-band element was designed numerically, but the perforated L-band one required final experimental optimization. Also, in the latter case of L-band, balanced transmission line feed was used to minimize cross polarization. For the C-band elements, slot coupling was used and, to simplify the feed, symmetric parasitic slots were incorporated to minimize cross polarization. No vertical connections were utilized, and electromagnetic couplings resulted in a compact low-profile design, with an electrically and thermally symmetric geometry.
- ItemRestrictedPhylogenetic analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene of the hyphochytrid Rhizidiomyces apophysatus(2000-01-31T18:02:13Z) Hausner, G; Belkhiri, A; Klassen, GRThe potential relationship of the uniflagellate hyphochytrids with biflagellate stramenopiles is still not clearly resolved. Thus, we have expanded the number of isolates and taxa of hyphochytrids compared. The phylogenetic analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA sequence of Rhizidiomyces apophysatus Zopf based on neighbour-joining and parsimony methods showed that Hyphochytrium catenoides Karling and R. apophysatus are monophyletic and probably the closest relatives of the oomycetes. Our data also confirmed the monophyly of the stramenopiles, which includes heterokont algae along with nonphotosynthetic fungallike organisms, namely the Oomycota, Hyphochytriomycota, and Labyrinthulomycota.
- ItemRestrictedExternal field coupling to MTL networks with nonlinear junctions: Numerical modeling and experimental validation(2000-02-29) Lapohos, T; LoVetri, J; Seregelyi, JThe problem of predicting the voltages and currents induced on a printed circuit multiconductor transmission line (MTL) network by an impinging transient plane wave electromagnetic field is considered, The MTL network contains nonlinear circuit elements and test cases with various dielectric substrates are examined, Numerical predictions based on quasi-TEM models of the MTL's and modified nodal analysis (MNA) models of the lumped element junctions are compared to experimental results obtained in the time domain using a GTEM cell. As has been done in the past, the effect of the incident plane wave is introduced as forcing functions in the MTL equations, The primary goal of this paper is to quantify the accuracy of the various commonly used quasi-TEM mathematical time-domain models. It is shown that when modeling the forcing function terms, it is important to take into account the perturbation of the incident plane wave due to the dielectric substrate, (The experimental-numerical comparisons herein are shown for the case of end-fire illumination since it best demonstrates this point.) Neglecting the dielectric effect on the incident transient pulse, even for substrates with low dielectric constant, produces poor results.
- ItemRestrictedModelling the early age behaviour of a low heat concrete bulkhead sealing an underground tunnel(2000-02-29T12:06:37Z) Didry, O; Gray, MN; Cournut, A; Graham, JA major experiment - the tunnel sealing experiment, related to the disposal of heat generating radioactive wastes in geological formations and supported by government organizations from Japan, France, U.S.A., and Canada, is being carried out at the Underground Research Laboratory of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited in Manitoba, Canada. Through a systematic process, the results from the experiment will be used to validate numerical models for the early age behaviour of high mass concrete bulkheads. A numerical model, based on the CESAR-LCPC finite element code equipped with the modules TEXO and MEXO, has been developed and used to predict the behaviour of a concrete bulkhead which will be built as part of the experiment. The TEXO-based component of the model which describes temperature changes has been validated. A maximum temperature rise in the concrete of 19%C is calculated. This will occur about 4 days after the concrete is cast. The temperature rise is low. This arises from the use of a specially developed low cement content concrete. Despite uncertainties in the MEXO-based model, which is used to describe the chemo-mechanical behaviour of the system, results indicate that it is unlikely that the concrete will crack, but a gap of 0.5 mm or more will develop between the bulkhead and the rock. Water leakage around the bulkhead through this gap could be significant and measures to seal this gap are advised. The modelling results recorded here will be tested against measurements made in the experiment. Thus, the numerical model will be formally validated and bounds to its use will be defined.
- ItemRestrictedAcoustic discharge measurements for the performance testing of low-head hydroelectric turbines under disturbed flow conditions(2000-02-29T12:43:11Z) Doering, JC; Gawne, KDThe detection, measurement, and characterization of frazil ice particles is a necessary first step in advancing our understanding of frazil ice processes as well as improving models. The detection of frazil ice has been accomplished in a number of ways. Herein, a digital image processing system to characterize frazil in a laboratory environment is described. The system is part of an ice research facility that uses a counter-rotating flume to generate frazil ice. Frazil ice is detected using a cross-polarized light technique. The system acquires digital gray-scale images of frazil ice that are analyzed and manipulated digitally to elucidate the temporal and spatial variation of frazil ice characteristics. For example, the system can be readily used to determine the size distribution of frazil ice particles, the vertical distribution of frazil, or the concentration of frazil ice.
- ItemRestrictedHelminth communities of yellow perch (Perca flavescens (Mitchill)): determinants of pattern(2000-04-30) Carney, JP; Dick, TATwenty-eight parasite species were recorded from 504 yellow perch (Perca flavescens) collected from Dauphin Lake and Beaufort Lake, Manitoba, and Lake Winnebago, Green Bay, and Lake Michigan, Wisconsin. Four parasite species, Diplostomum spp., Urocleidus adspectus, Proteocephalus pearsei, and Raphidascaris acus, occurred in perch from all localities. Infracommunities and component communities were low in richness. The Dauphin Lake and Beaufort Lake samples had the richest parasite communities, while those in the Green Bay and Lake Michigan samples were the least rich. The effect of host size and age on parasite community structure was equivocal. A positive association between P. pearsei and Bothriocephalus cuspidatus and more multispecies infracommunities than expected provide evidence of nonrandom associations in the Manitoba samples, while the Wisconsin infracommunities were random associations. Significant infracommunity nestedness in all samples indicated nonrandom community organization and structure. Parasite faunas were richer in samples with complex invertebrate communities than in samples with complex fish communities. The trophic status of the aquatic system indirectly affected the parasite communities by limiting the variety of potential intermediate hosts. Predictions regarding relationships between parasite community structure and lake trophic status were not supported. We show that predictable patterns at the fine-scale local level of the parasite infracommunity and component communities of perch are best explained by a rich invertebrate community upon which the host feeds.
- ItemRestrictedDispersion characteristics of grooved microstrip line (GMSL)(2000-04-30T12:19:57Z) Chamma, W; Gupta, N; Shafai, LIn this paper, the method of lines and finite-difference time-domain numerical methods are used to investigate the field distribution, dispersion, and impedance characteristics of the grooved microstrip line (GMSL) structure. It is found that the GMSL is less dispersive compared to conventional microstrip lines, and also provides a wide range of characteristic impedance values as a function of the groove width. Increasing the groove width of the microstrip structure can also reduce the dielectric and conductor Losses of the GMSL.
- ItemRestrictedPredictors of Torsades de Pointes in rabbit ventricles perfused with sedating and nonsedating histamine H-1-receptor antagonists(2000-05-31) Gilbert, JD; Cahill, SA; McCartney, DG; Lukas, A; Gross, GJSeveral nonsedating histamine H-1-receptor antagonists are associated with torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia. The objectives of this study were to: (i) compare electrocardiographic, monophasic action potential, and arrhythmogenic effects of sedating and nonsedating H-1-receptor antagonists, and (ii) identify correlates of drug-induced torsades de pointes in an isolated ventricle model. Isolated, electrically paced (1-3 Hz) rabbit ventricles were Langendorff-perfused with either drug-free Tyrode's solution or one of the following: (i) the sedating H-1-receptor antagonist hydroxyzine (0.1-30 mu M), (ii) cetirizine, a nonsedating metabolite of hydroxyzine (1-300 mu M), and (iii) the nonsedating, putatively arrhythmogenic H-1-receptor antagonist astemizole (0.1-30 mu M). Volume conducted electrocardiographic signals and monophasic action potentials from the periapical left ventricular endocardium and epicardium were recorded. There were no apparent changes in control (n = 15) or hydroxyzine-perfused (n = 7) hearts. Cetirizine (n = 13) produced a mild biphasic electrocardiographic QT interval prolongation and was associated with early afterdepolarizations, but not with torsades de pointes. Astemizole (n = 11) lengthened QT intervals, and at high concentration (30 mu M) induced torsades de pointes in 10 of 11 hearts (P < 0.001 vs. all other groups). These findings are consistent with previously reported repolarizing current inhibition by cetirizine, but may additionally indicate "compensatory" inhibition of inward currents at higher concentrations. By contrast, astemizole-induced changes are consistent with unopposed repolarizing current inhibition.
- ItemRestrictedOn the phylogeny of members of Ceratocystis s.s. and Ophiostoma that possess different anamorphic states, with emphasis on the anamorph genus Leptographium, based on partial ribosomal DNA sequences(2000-07-31T18:09:43Z) Hausner, G; Reid, J; Klassen, GRPhylogenetic analysis of partial ribosomal DNA sequences was undertaken to assess the phylogenetic distribution of ophiostomatoid anamorphs with an emphasis on members of Leptographium and the generic limits of Ceratocystis sensu lato Ell. & Halst. Molecular data identified one group of Ophiostoma species with anamorphs assignable to Pesotum and Leptographium that appears to be monophyletic. This study also showed that, based on molecular characters, Pesotum pini (Hutchison & Reid) Okada and all Leptographium strains tested, including L. terebrantis Barras & Perry, L. lundbergii Lag. & Melin, and L. procerum (Kendr.) Wingf., could be placed among Ophiostoma species. With regard to the anamorphs of Ophiostoma, we determined that the separation of Leptographium from Pesotum, although convenient, is artificial. The partial ribosomal DNA sequences also confirm that Europhium should be considered a synonym of Ophiostoma. The phylogenetic position of species of Ceratocystis sensu lato with Chalara-like, Knoxdaviesia, and Gabarnaudia anamorphs is also discussed.
- ItemRestrictedAnalysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the ribosomal DNA of a selection of anaerobic chytrids(2000-07-31T18:16:36Z) Hausner, G; Inglis, G; Yanke, LJ; Kawchuk, LM; McAllister, TAAnaerobic chytrid strains (representing four genera and seven species based on morphological characters), obtained from a variety of hosts, were analysed for variability within the 5' terminal segment of the ribosomal large subunit (LSU) gene, first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1), and the intergenic spacers (IGS) of the ribosomal repeat unit. In the analyses of the ribosomal LSU gene, strains of Neocallimastix, Orpinomyces, and Anaeromyces clustered into distinct groups, but Piromyces strains did not. Although the size of polymerase chain reaction products for the ITS1 region varied among strains, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was not useful in distinguishing between the strains. In the analyses of restriction fragment profiles of the IGS, strains of Orpinomyces and Anaeromyces clustered into distinct groupings that corresponded with morphological characters. In contrast, Neocallimastix strains clustered into two distinct groups. Considerable variability was observed in the IGS for strains of Piromyces. Analysis of this region split strains of Piromyces rhinzinflata obtained from a single bison into at least two distinct genetic groupings. Furthermore, the Piromyces strains obtained from bovine, wapiti, and moose clustered according to host. Overall, our molecular data suggest that morphological characters as observed under the light microscope are insufficient for the designation of phylogenetic species of Neocallimastix and Piromyces, and that integration of molecular and morphological data will be required to establish a natural classification system for the anaerobic members of the Chytridiomycota.
- ItemRestrictedThe complex photochemistry of 2,3-dibenzylidenesuccinates(2000-08-31) Assoumatine, T; Yvon, B; Charlton, JLThe photochemistry of diethyl E,E-2,3-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)succinate (8) is solvent dependent. In both protic and aprotic solvents, there is a photoequilibrium established between 8 and its E,Z-isomer (9). In chloroform at high light intensity, very little 9 is formed and the main product is 1,4-dihydronaphthalene (10), formed via photoinduced intramolecular [1,3]-sigmatropic hydrogen shift within an intermediate 1,8a-dihydronaphthalene (11). In protic solvents, irradiation of either 8 or 9 ultimately gives primarily the cis-1,2-dihydronaphthalene product (13), along with smaller amounts of the trans isomer (14). By using deuterated solvents, it was shown that 13 and 14 are formed by solvent protonation (or deuteration) of the 1,8a-dihydronaphthalene intermediate (11 or 12).
- ItemRestrictedDevelopment of glass fiber reinforced plastic poles for transmission and distribution lines(2000-10-31) Ibrahim, S; Polyzois, D; Hassan, SAn extensive research project is currently being carried out at The University of Manitoba, Canada, to develop lightweight glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) poles for use in transmission and distribution networks. In this paper, results from tests involving full-scale tapered GFRP poles with a hollow circular cross section subjected to cantilever bending are presented. The filament winding process was employed to produce the poles using polyester resin reinforced with E-glass fibers. Cantilever bending tests were conducted on twelve full-scale poles up to failure. Test parameters included fiber orientation and number of layers. Extensive theoretical work preceded the test program and a theoretical model was developed for evaluating the failure load. The results to date indicate that the developed theoretical model can predict quite well the ultimate capacity and behavior performance of GFRP poles. This theoretical model was used in this investigation to determine the optimum cross-sectional dimensions for 6.1 m (20 ft) and 18.3 m (60 ft) Class 1 GFRP poles.
- ItemRestrictedGlucose disposal by insulin, but not IGF-1, is dependent on the hepatic parasympathetic nerves(2000-10-31) Sadri, P; Lautt, WWInsulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has many insulin-like activities, including stimulation of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. However, those with diabetes or chronic liver disease are insulin resistant but show a normal hypoglycemic response to IGF-1. We have previously shown that insulin sensitivity depends on a hepatic parasympathetic reflex release of a hormone from the liver. The hypothesis was tested that insulin action, but not IGF-1 action, is dependent on the hepatic parasympathetic reflex. Glucose disposal in response to three doses of IGF-1 (25, 100, 200 mu g/kg) was determined in rats. IGF-1 at 200 mu g/kg had similar effect on glucose disposal as did 50 mU/kg of insulin. Interruption of the hepatic parasympathetic reflex either by surgical ablation of the anterior nerve plexus or by atropine (1.0 mg/kg) resulted in insulin, but not IGF-1, resistance. Sixteen hours of fasting resulted in insulin, but not IGF-1, resistance. In conclusion, insulin, but not IGF-1, triggers the hepatic parasympathetic dependent release of a putative hepatic insulin sensitizing substance (HISS) that stimulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle.
- ItemRestrictedArtificial inoculation with Armillaria ostoyae in established conifers stressed by defoliation, planting, and thinning in Newfoundland(2000-11-30) Piercey-Normore, MD; Berube, JAArmillaria ostoyae (Romagnesi) Herink causes root disease in conifers of the northern hemisphere. Pathogenicity tests of established conifer trees with A. ostoyae, has never been done in the boreal forest. Seven forest plots were selected in Newfoundland; a black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) plantation, a naturally regenerated black spruce stand, a balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) stand with hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria (Guen.)) defoliation, two balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae (Ratz.)) infested balsam fir stands (thinned and unthinned sites), a balsam fir sawfly (Neodiprion abietis Harris) defoliated balsam fir stand, and an artificially defoliated black spruce stand. Roots of fir and spruce trees were inoculated with two isolates of A. ostoyae and re-examined after 2 years. The purpose of this study was to compare differences in root infection within plots for different types of host stress to examine the response of trees to controlled inoculations of A. ostoyae. There was a statistically significant difference in number of infected roots between the two isolates used as inoculum. There was significantly more root response with severity of infection within all sites except both adelgid plots. A marginally significant relationship between tree health and root infection was present in the balsam fir sawfly plot. There was a significantly larger number of infected roots associated with rhizomorphs in the naturally regenerated black spruce stand and the artificially defoliated balsam fir stand. These results suggest that stress prediposes the host tree to root infection by A. ostoyae.
- ItemRestrictedPurification of the NADP(+): F-420 oxidoreductase of Methanosphaera stadtmanae(2000-11-30) Elias, DA; Juck, DF; Berry, KA; Sparling, RMethanosphaera stadtmanae (DSM 3091) is a methanogen that requires H-2 and CH3OH for methanogenesis. The organism does not possess an F-420-dependent hydrogenase and only low levels of F-420. It does however possess NADP(+):F-420 oxidoreductase activity. The NADP(+):F-420 oxidoreductase, the enzyme which catalyses the electron transfer between NADP(+) and F-420 in this organism, was purified and characterized. NAD(+), NADH, FMN, and FAD could not be used as electron acceptors. Optimal pH for F-420 reduction was 6.0, and 8.5 for NADP(+) reduction. During the purification process, it was noted that precipitation with (NH4)(2)SO4 increased total activity 16-fold but reduced the stability of the enzyme. However, recombination of cell-free extracts with resuspended 65-90% (NH4)(2)SO4 pellet returned activity to near cell-free extract levels. Neither high salt or protease inhibitors were effective in stabilizing the activity of the partially purified enzyme. The purified enzyme from M. stadtmanae possessed a molecular weight of 148 kDa as determined by gel filtration chromatography and native-PAGE, consisting of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits of 60, 50, and 45 kDa, respectively, using SDS-PAGE. The K-m values were 370 muM for NADP(+), 142 muM for NADPH, 62.5 muM for F-420, and 7.7 muM for F420H2. These values were different from the K-m values observed in the cell-free extract.